Collection and Methods For Its Use

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure enables collections of variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprising, in part, germline protein sequences that are pre-selected for functional properties relevant to developability, wherein the collections may be used to select against any antigen using, for example, phage display.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/494,452 filed Jun. 8, 2011, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/415,367 filed Nov. 19, 2010, which are both incorporated by reference in their entireties.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Feb. 15, 2011, is named MS130US.txt and is 229, 568 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND

Advances in pharmaceutical development, especially in the field of therapeutic antibodies, are rapidly enabling and/or improving the treatment of many diseases. These advances, by reaching novel target spaces and providing novel mechanisms of action are increasingly improving the quality of lives of patients even with the most severe and challenging diseases. One challenge for the health care system in general and patients in particular is that the costs of new drugs, enabled by of these pharmaceutical advances, are also rapidly increasing. The high costs are a result of the investments required for the development of pharmaceuticals, especially of antibodies, which currently exceed one billion dollars per marketed product. The high risk of failure in development and very long developmental timelines make these investments inevitable. It may take over fifteen years from the time of identification of a potential therapeutic antibody until it reaches the market and can benefit patients. Each stage of development, from identification, pre-clinical, clinical to market entry is riddled with challenges and risks. Pharmaceutical companies are constantly working to reduce developmental costs by reducing timelines and risks of failure in order to get the most effective medicines into the hands of patients quickly.

The following disclosure provides a valuable advance which allows for faster identification of the optimal therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of any disease. Therapeutic antibody candidates must fulfill a number of development criteria in order to make it to the market, such as, long term stability, low aggregation propensity and high expression yields. The disclosed advance increases the probability and speed of identifying an antibody that can fulfill all of the rigorous development criteria right from the start. The resultant antibody will be less expensive to produce and will be effective and safe in the treatment of numerous diseases.

A well known method of identifying therapeutic antibodies is through the use of phage display technology. Phage display utilizes virus-like particles that are grown in bacteria to display antibodies. One benefit of this technology is that the libraries used are massive, with up to 1×10¹¹ antibodies, which can quickly be tested for binding to any target relevant for any disease. See, for example, Knappik et al., (2000), “Fully synthetic human combinatorial antibody libraries (HuCAL) based on modular consensus frameworks and CDRs randomized with trinucleotides,” J. Mol. Biol. 11; 296(1):57-86, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,064, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. The benefit of working with such large numbers is that the output of a screening against a target may result in hundreds of antibodies that bind to the therapeutic target, all of which could be therapeutically relevant. A problem, though, is that often only a few of these antibodies are developable, meaning that they can meet all of the rigorous criteria required in order to make it to the market.

In order for a new phage display collection to shorten the identification timelines and reduce the inherent risks, the collection should comprise antibodies having the properties which are necessary for selection and clinical development and which will result in safe and effective treatment in patients. Such properties include: 1) high phage display rates, so that each and every antibody of the collection can be tested against the target of interest; 2) high expression levels in both Fab and IgG1 formats, so that the antibody or fragment can be reproduced efficiently with the needed quantity; 3) high thermal stability in both Fab and IgG1 formats, to ensure structural and functional integrity of the molecules delivered to patients; 4) high stability in serum in both Fab and IgG1 formats, so that the antibody shows increased half-life and prolonged activity; 5) high monomeric content (% monomer) as determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in both Fab and IgG1 formats as this signifies a low aggregation propensity; 6) high isoelectric point (ph in IgG1 format; 7) high thermal stability in Fab and IgG1 formats before and after exposure to acid; 8) low turbidity in Fab or IgG1 formats before and after exposure to acid; 9) stable molecular radius and % polydispersity before and after exposure to acid; 10) low risk of immunogenicity, thereby increasing safety, and/or 11) high diversity, so that one collection can be used to identify many antibodies against any therapeutic target.

A collection, which in essential ways imitates the human immune system, should be highly valuable, or even the optimal solution. The human immune system is composed of antibodies encoded by germline genes. Antibodies, in part, comprise of a variable heavy chain and variable light chains. There are approximately 50 variable heavy chain germline genes and approximately 50 variable light chain germline genes, combined providing about 2,500 combinations of different variable heavy and light chain pairs. In humans, all 2500 of these combinations are believed to be produced. It has been found, though, that certain variable heavy chains, variable light chains and/or variable heavy and light chain combinations (pairs) are present at a higher level than others. It was hypothesized that there must be some reason that some are present more than others, and if so, that the highly present germline genes may have favorable functional properties. Therefore, one way of providing a collection of antibodies having favorable functional properties is to generate a collection comprising the abundant variable heavy chain, variable light chain, and/or variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs present in the human immune repertoire.

In addition, the germline gene sequences present in humans are thought to have very low immunogenicity, for obvious reasons, therefore these sequences can be imitated in recombinant antibodies in order to lower the risk of immunogenicity.

Approaches to evaluate the variable heavy and light chain germline gene pairings prevalent in the human immune repertoire have been undertaken. See de Wildt et al., Analysis of heavy and light chain pairings indicates that receptor editing shapes the human antibody repertoire, J Mol. Biol. 22; 285(3):895-901 (January 1999), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Wildt et al. took blood samples from human donors, sorted the IgG+ B cells, which had undergone somatic hypermutation, PCR amplified the cDNAs, sequenced each cDNA, and aligned each sequence to the known human variable domain germline genes. Wildt et al. observed that only a few germline genes dominated the immune repertoire and that the frequent heavy and light chain gene segments are often paired.

Attempts at maintaining the heavy and light chain variable domain pairings of individual B cells have also been undertaken. For example, libraries of variable domain “cognate pairs” have been disclosed. See Meijer et al., Isolation of human antibody repertoires with preservation of the natural heavy and light chain pairing, J Mol. Biol., 358(3):764-72 (May 5, 2006); and WO2005042774, which are both incorporated by reference in their entirety. Libraries according to the techniques described in Meijer et al. have been generated from individual B cells from an immunized host. Generally, the B cells are sorted by FACS so that CD38^(HI) B cells, which represent somatically hypermutated cells, are selected, their cDNAs are PCR amplified, and the antibody gene products are inserted into Fab vectors for selection. Such cognate pair libraries are not without their limitations. For example, the hosts providing the B cells typically are immunized; and the B cell populations sorted have been hypermutated, therefore, the resulting libraries are biased towards a particular immunogen.

Additionally, attempts at utilizing prominent variable heavy chain or variable light chains for collection generation have been undertaken. For example, in Shi et al., “De Novo Selection of High-Affinity Antibodies from Synthetic Fab Libraries Displayed on Phage as pIX Fusion Proteins; J Mol. Biol., 397(2):385-96 (Mar. 26, 2010) and the respective patent application WO2009085462; and WO2006014498, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. There, variable heavy chain or variable light chain germline protein sequences were incorporated into libraries based upon their frequency of use in the human immune repertoire.

Additional attempts have also been undertaken, which incorporate a specific germline pair into a collection. For example, WO1999020749, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes a collection where its members comprise heavy chains having the canonical structure of a hypervariable loop encoded by the human germline heavy chain gene segment DP-47 (IGHV3-23) and/or framework regions encoded by the germline gene, and/or light chains having the canonical structure of a hypervariable loop encoded by the human germline light chain gene segment O2/O12 (IGKV1-39/1D-39) and/or framework regions encoded by the germline gene.

Additional approaches have generated libraries directly from or derived from B cells. For example, Glanville et al., Precise Determination of the Diversity of a Combinatorial Antibody Library Gives Insight into the Human Immunoglobulin Repertoire, Proc Natl Acad Sci 1; 106(48):20216-21 (December 2009), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, which describes an antibody collection built from the diversity of 654 human donor Immunoglobulin M (IgM) repertoires. Specifically, the heavy and light chain V-gene cDNAs from 654 human donors were separately PCR amplified (separating the variable heavy and light chain pair) and the heavy and light chain domains were then randomly re-associated. WO2003052416, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, also describes the isolation of B cells from a host exhibiting a pronounced response to a pathogen of interest, resulting from either an infection by a micro-organism or treatment with a vaccine. In WO2003052416, the cDNA encoding the CDR3 region of the variable regions was sequenced and antibody fragments comprising the dominant CDR3s were designed. WO2009100896, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes the isolation of B cells from an immunized host, where the cDNAs encoding the variable heavy and light chain regions were sequenced and the abundance of the unparied variable heavy and variable light chain sequences was determined. In WO2009100896, libraries were synthesized comprising the randomly recombined variable heavy and variable light chains, wherein the antibodies were specific for one immunogen. A summary of these and additional approaches is found in Fuh et al., Synthetic antibodies as therapeutics, Expert Opin Biol Ther., 7(1):73-87 (January 2007), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

There is, therefore, a high need for a collection of antibodies or fragments thereof that incorporate the variable heavy and variable light chain gene pairs present in the human immune repertoire that have favorable biophysical properties relevant to development, while at the same time excluding the pairs that exist in nature, but do not have such biophysical properties. These and other needs are satisfied by the present invention.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a valuable solution to the problem of efficiently identifying antibodies or antibody fragments against any antigen that are developable and safe and effective in patients. In its most general sense, the inventors began with the idea that an antibody collection that imitates the human immune system in essential ways may be advantageous. On one level, the inventors decided to imitate the human immune system by incorporating the optimal germline gene sequences, or portions thereof, from the human immune repertoire into antibodies. As such, in some embodiments, the antibodies of the collection comprise portions, for example, framework regions that are germline in sequence. Using the germline sequences should dramatically decrease the risk of immunogenicity of recombinant antibodies for therapeutic use in patients.

In addition, the inventors worked from their hypothesis that the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs abundant in the human immune repertoire likely have favorable biophysical properties that would lead to more efficient clinical development and increase the safety and efficacy of the resulting antibodies in patients. As background, each B cell encodes one antibody, and each antibody comprises a variable heavy chain and variable light chain. Each of the variable heavy chain and variable light chains of an antibody can be aligned with germline sequences in order to determine the origin of the antibody, meaning from which germline gene the variable heavy chain and variable light chain are encoded. Therefore, for each antibody the variable heavy chain and variable light chain comprise a germline gene or germline protein pair, for example, VH3-23 paired with VK1-5.

In order to prove the hypothesis that the prominent germline gene pairs likely have favorable biophysical properties, the first step was to identify the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs prominent in the human immune repertoire. This was done by extensively searching publically available literature and by sampling B cells from a human host. As a next step, this data was pooled, analyzed and the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline pairs present in the human immune repertoire were ranked in terms of their prevalence. From this data it was clear that certain variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs were present more frequently than others in the human immune repertoire.

As a next step, it had to be determined which germline protein pairs were to be tested for the functional properties relevant to development, as there are ˜2500 pairs in the human immune repertoire, it is not preferred to test each one. One way would be to to test the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pairs that occur most prominently in the human immune repertoire, for example, see Table 6. One could, for example, select the top four hundred pairs for testing, or select the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs present at or above a certain threshold number. This approach would require the synthesis and testing of a very large number of variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pair sequences; therefore, such an approach may not be very efficient.

As an alternative approach, the inventors selected a subset of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline pairs that are representative of, accurately reproduce, or cover the majority of the prominent pairs of the human immune repertoire. This approach was based, in part, upon the observation that a small number of variable heavy, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline genes (unpaired) are dominant in the human immune repertoire. Wildt et al. at 895-896 describes this phenomenon. Wildt et al. also states that the frequent heavy and light chain gene segments are often paired, and observed that half of the pairings sampled corresponded to only five germline pairs. Therefore, a small number of the prominent heavy and light chain germline genes (unpaired) can be combined to generate a group of heavy and light chain pairs that are representative of the human immune repertoire.

This approach was undertaken in the following way. The data showing the linked VH/VL pairs, see, e.g., Table 6, and the data identifying the presence of the unlinked VH or VL chains, see, e.g. Example 3 and Table 5, was analyzed to determine the variable heavy chain, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline genes (unpaired) that are prominent in the human immune repertoire.

As a next step the prominent variable heavy chain, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline protein sequences (unpaired) were evaluated to determine their biophysical properties relevant to development, see Example 4. The variable heavy chain, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline protein sequences were evaluated in silico for the following properties: (i) CDR length, (ii) isoelectric point (ph (a preferred isoelectric point is 7.5 or above as this is should provide stability in a neutral or slightly acidic formulation buffer), (iii) potential sites for potential post translational modification sites (PTM's) (specifically, N-linked glycosylation sites (N×S or N×T) or chemical modifications such as Asp cleavage (often at a DP or DQ), (iv) Asp isomerization (DS, DG), (v) deamidation (NS, NG) which can occur in vivo (in serum) or upon storage in formulation buffer and lead to loss of antigen binding), (vi) the presence of Methionines in the CDRs (might be prone to oxidization when exposed to solvent), (vii) the presence of unpaired Cysteines (will form disulfide bonds with any other unpaired cysteine, thus leading to crosslinking of proteins and/or lower expression levels), (viii) deviations from germline, (ix) the presence of possible T-cell epitopes, and (x) theoretical aggregation propensity.

As a next step the variable heavy chain, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline protein sequences having favorable in silico biophysical characteristics were combined to form variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs. As shown in Table 5, and FIGS. 2-3, generally, the top 20 VH, top 8 Vλ and top 12 Vκ were selected for synthesis, combination and subsequent functional analysis. The germline gene sequences were synthesized and then combined in order to generate 400 germline protein pairs (20VH×20VL) that are representative of, accurately reproduce, or cover the majority of the prominent pairs from the human immune repertoire as shown in Table 6. This was done by synthesizing the variable heavy and light chain germline genes, combining them into pairs, expressing the pairs as protein (germline protein pairs) and testing each to identify their biophysical properties. The following properties were tested: (i) relative display rate on phage in the Fab format, (ii) relative expression level in the Fab format, e.g., in E. coli; (iii) thermal stability in the Fab format; (iv) stability in bovine or mouse serum in the Fab format; (v) relative expression level in the IgG1 format; and (vi) stability in bovine serum in the IgG1 format.

The testing of the 400 germline protein pairs for display, expression, thermal and serum stability acted as a preliminary filter to remove the germline protein pairs that, although they exist in nature, do not have biophysical properties thought to be favorable for therapeutic development. The goal was to select a sub-group of germline protein pairs having favorable developability characteristics, while at the same time maintaining a high level of diversity within a collection so that the collection can be used to identify developable candidates against any antigen. Table 12 shows ˜60 bold and underlined germline protein pairs which met the thresholds of an embodiment of the disclosure. Table 12 was previously disclosed in WO2010/136598 (MorphoSys AG), which claims the benefit of 61/182,350, and 61/299,401, which are all incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Of the 400 germline protein pairs tested (results shown in Table 12), 95 were selected for further testing. Of the 95 germline protein pairs selected for further testing, some were chosen because they met the previous criteria, and it was desirable to further test them. Others were chosen, despite not meeting certain thresholds, so that these pairs could be re-evaluated. The 95 germline protein pairs shown in FIGS. 16-24 were synthesized, expressed, purified and then tested in both Fab and IgG1 formats for the following a) purified Fab expression in mg/L, b) purified Fab monomeric content (% monomer), c) purified Fab thermal stability, d) purified IgG1 expression in mg/L, e) purified IgG1 monomeric content (% monomer), f) purified IgG1 thermal stability, g) IgG1 isoelectric point and h) IgG1 stress testing with exposure to acid, including differential scanning fluorometry (DSF), absorption, dynamic light scattering and particle staining.

In an embodiment, the following germline protein pairs (54) were identified as having superior functional activity related to developability (data shown in FIGS. 16-24): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252). Specifically, in this embodiment, the germline protein pairs (54) had values at or above the following thresholds for each criteria: a) purified Fab expression yield (as described in Example 9.1.1) of at least 2.5 mg/L; b) purified IgG1 expression yield (as described in Example 9.2.1) of at least 30.0 mg/L; c) thermal stability of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.2) of at least 70° C.; d) thermal stability of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.2) of at least 73° C.; e) monomeric content of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.3) of at least 98%; and f) monomeric content of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.3) of at least 99%. Therefore, collections comprising any number of these variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs could be used to identify developable antibodies or fragments thereof against any antigen.

As compared to Table 32 of WO2010/136598, Table 32 shows only 21 of the 54 pairs as having certain different functional properties.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include collections comprising a subset of the germline protein pairs above (36 of the 54) having superior functional activity related to developability. In one embodiment, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252). In this embodiment, the subset (36) germline protein pairs was selected from the 54 germline protein pairs based upon the stress testing data. The stress testing data was identified using the methods described in Examples 9.2.5 (a-d), data shown in FIGS. 19-24, Example 9.2.6 (a-d), data shown in FIGS. 19-54 and Example 9.2.7, scoring shown in FIGS. 55-60. The stress testing evaluated the 95 germline protein pairs in IgG1 format in order to determine their ability to withstand exposure to acid and agitation with glass beads. An antibody's ability to withstand exposure to acid is an increasingly important factor, as a virus inactivation step is standard during the downstream processing (DSP) of Chemistry, Manufacturing and Control (CMC). The ability of antibodies or antibody fragments to resist sheer forces is a helpful criterion as filtration steps cannot be avoided during processing and sheer forces occur during administration via syringe needles or plastic tubes.

The above subset collection, (36) germline protein pairs of an embodiment, were selected as they have additional superior functional properties relevant to developability as they showed stronger resistance to acid and agitation stress than the other pairs of the 54. The 36 germline protein pairs selected in this embodiment, had values at or above the following thresholds for each criteria: a) purified Fab expression yield (as described in Example 9.1.1) of at least 2.5 mg/L; b) purified IgG1 expression yield (as described in Example 9.2.1) of at least 30.0 mg/L; c) thermal stability of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.2) of at least 70° C.; d) thermal stability of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.2) of at least 73° C.; e) monomeric content of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.3) of at least 98%; f) monomeric content of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.3) of at least 99% and g) stress testing cumulative score (as described in Example 9.2.7) of at least 1225.

As compared to Table 32 of WO2010/136598, Table 32 shows only 14 of the 36 pairs as having certain different functional properties. Additionally, WO2010/136598 does not disclose the specific combination of the 36 pairs.

In another embodiment, the thresholds for each criterion were selected as follows: a) purified Fab expression yield (as described in Example 9.1.1) of at least 2.5 mg/L; b) purified IgG1 expression yield (as described in Example 9.2.1) of at least 30.0 mg/L; c) thermal stability of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.2) of at least 70° C.; d) thermal stability of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.2) of at least 73° C.; e) monomeric content of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.3) of at least 99%; f) monomeric content of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.3) of at least 99%; g) isoelectric point of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.4) of at least 8.3; and h) stress testing cumulative score (as described in Example 9.2.7) of at least 1225. In this embodiment, a collection comprises (33 pairs): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

As compared to Table 32 of WO2010/136598, Table 32 shows only 14 of the 33 pairs as having certain different functional properties. Additionally, WO2010/136598 does not disclose the specific combination of the 33 pairs.

In a further embodiment, pairs were added to a collection even though the pairs themselves did not meet all of the thresholds within each criteria, but were added to the collections in order to enhance diversity. In an embodiment, a collection further comprises: VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); and VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256). In this embodiment, a collection comprises (36 pairs): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

Such collections overcome many of the problems of the prior art. For example, collections derived from B cells include VH/VL pairs that do not have favorable biophysical properties, as the VH and VL pairings present in such a collection are identical to the pairings present in the sample of B cells. If a large enough sample of B cells is taken, each of the approximately 50 VH and 50 VL class pairing combinations (2500) will be present. The extensive testing of VH and VL pairs in the present disclosure shows that many of the VH and VL germline gene pairs (germline protein pairs) that exist in nature fail to have properties that would allow for developability in the clinic. Therefore, such B cell libraries comprise many VH and VL pairs that are likely not developable. Therefore, it may be desirable to generate libraries of large diversity comprising the VH and VL pairs having advantageous functional properties, but with a B cell collection approach, this is not possible.

For example, an aspect of the present disclosure is a collection of antibodies or functional fragments comprising the variable heavy and light chain germline protein pairs having advantageous properties that enhance developability, but excluding variable heavy and light chain germline gene pairs not having such properties, even if they are prominently expressed in the human immune repertoire. In this way, the collection was designed to exclude the variable heavy and light chain combinations or pairs that occur in nature (out of the 2,500 pairs) which fail to have advantageous functional properties. For example, VH4-34 is frequently occurring in the human immune repertoire as shown in Table 5, but it is also known that antibodies derived from this heavy chain germline gene can be B cell cytotoxic, therefore, antibodies derived from this gene could be excluded from a collection design. See Bhat et al., Rapid cytotoxicity of human B lymphocytes induced by VH4-34 (VH4.21) gene-encoded monoclonal antibodies, Clin Exp Immunol., 105(1):183-90 (July 1996).

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the restriction sites selected for incorporation into the C-terminus of the phoA and ompA E. coli signal sequences, as described in detail in Example 1, and includes the restriction sites around CDR 3 and their respective orientations. This figure, while displaying the E. coli signal sequences, also represents the C-terminal restriction sites selected for incorporation in the human heavy chain and kappa chain leader sequences for use in IgG1 expression, as also described in detail in Example 1.

FIG. 2 shows the 20 VH germline genes selected for synthesis, combination and functional characterization, as described in detail in Example 4. The figure also shows the results of the in silico analysis of each germline gene, where pI represents isolelectric point, PTMs are potential post translational modification sites in the complementarity determining regions, as described herein, N×S/T are N-linked glycosylation sites, and Met in CDR are methionines.

FIG. 3 shows the 8 Vλ and 12 Vκ germline genes selected for synthesis, combination and functional characterization, as described in detail in Example 4. The figure also shows the results of the in silico analysis of each germline gene, where pI represents isolelectric point, PTMs are potential post translational modification sites in the complementarity determining regions, as described herein, N×S/T are N-linked glycosylation sites, and Met in CDR are methionines. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 4 shows the VH/Vκ pairs of the pooled data from Examples 2.1 and Example 2.2. The numerical entries represent the number of each VH/Vκ germline gene pair from an individual B cell identified in the pooled data. The Y axis shows the VH germline genes ranked from top (most prevalent) VH3-23 to bottom (less prevalent) VH3-20 in terms of frequency of expression in the pooled data. The X axis shows the Vκ germline genes ranked from left (most prevalent) IGKV3-20 to right (less prevalent) IGKV1D-17 in terms of frequency of expression in the pooled data. The number 1358 is the number of B cells sampled.

FIG. 5 shows the VH/Vλ pairs of the pooled data from Examples 2.1 and Example 2.2. The numerical entries represent the number of each VH/Vλ germline gene pair from an individual B cell identified in the pooled data. The Y axis shows the VH germline genes ranked from top (most prevalent) VH3-23 to bottom (less prevalent) VH3-20 in terms of frequency of expression in the pooled data. The X axis shows the Vλ germline genes ranked from left (most prevalent) IGLV2-14 to right (less prevalent) IGLV4-60 in terms of frequency of expression in the pooled data. The number 779 is the number of B cells sampled.

FIGS. 6A-C show the amino acid sequences encoded by the VH germline genes (SEQ ID NOS 63-118, respectively, in order of appearance), as described in Tomlinson et al., (1992), “The Repertoire of Human Germline Vh Sequences Reveals about Fifty Groups of Vh Segments with Different Hypervariable Loop” J. Mol. Biol. 227, 776-798; Matsuda et al. (1998), “The complete nucleotide sequence of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region locus” Exp Med 188(11):2151-62; and LeFranc MP (2001) “Nomenclature of the human immunoglobulin heavy (IGH) genes.” Exp Clin Immunogenet. 18(2):100-16.

FIGS. 7A-C show the amino acid sequences encoded by the Vκ germline genes (SEQ ID NOS 119-164, respectively, in order of appearance), as described in Schäble and Zachau (1993), “The variable genes of the human immunoglobulin kappa locus,” Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler. 374(11):1001-22; Brensing-Küppers et al. (1997), “The human immunoglobulin kappa locus on yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)” Gene. 191(2):173-81; Kawasaki et al. (2001), “Evolutionary dynamics of the human immunoglobulin kappa locus and the germline repertoire of the Vkappa genes” Eur J Immunol 31(4):1017-28; and Lefranc MP (2001) “Nomenclature of the human immunoglobulin kappa (IGK) genes” Exp Clin Immunogenet., 18, 161-174.

FIGS. 8A-B show the amino acid sequences encoded by the Vλ germline genes (SEQ ID NOS 165-202, respectively, in order of appearance), as described in Kawasaki et al., (1997) “One-Megabase Sequence Analysis of the Human immunoglobulin lambda Gene Locus” Genome Research 7(3):250-61; Frippiat et al., (1995) “Organization of the human immunoglobulin lambda light-chain locus on chromosome 22q11.2” Hum. Mol. Genet., 4, 983-991; and LeFranc MP (2001) “Nomenclature of the human immunoglobulin lambda (IGL) genes. Exp Clin Immunogenet.; 18:242-254.

FIG. 9 shows the pJPd1 Fab tricistronic phage display vector.

FIG. 10 shows the pJPx1 Fab expression vector.

FIG. 11 shows the pMx11 (pMORPHX11) Fab expression vector.

FIG. 12 shows the pMORPH30 Fab display vector.

FIG. 13 shows the pJP_h_IgG1f variable heavy chain IgG1 expression vector.

FIG. 14 shows the pJP_h_Ig_kappa variable κ light chain IgG expression vector.

FIG. 15 shows the pJP_h_Ig_lambda2 variable λ light chain IgG expression vector.

FIG. 16 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the purified Fab expression yield in mg/L (culture), purified Fab monomeric content (% monomer), purified Fab thermal stability in ° C., purified IgG1 expression yield in mg/L (cell culture), purified IgG1 monomeric content (% monomer), purified IgG1 thermal stability in ° C. (the transition shown is that of the variable domains, the transition of the Fc domains is not shown) and IgG1 isoelectric point of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 1-32. The data was determined using the methods described in Example 9.1.1-9.1.3 and 9.2.1-9.2.4. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 17 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the purified Fab expression yield in mg/L (culture), purified Fab monomeric content (% monomer), purified Fab thermal stability in ° C., purified IgG1 expression yield in mg/L (cell culture), purified IgG1 monomeric content (% monomer), purified IgG1 thermal stability in ° C. (the transition shown is that of the variable domains, the transition of the Fc domains is not shown) and IgG1 isoelectric point of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 33-64. The data was determined using the methods described in Example 9.1.1-9.1.3 and 9.2.1-9.2.4. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 18 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the purified Fab expression yield in mg (purified Fab)/L (culture), purified Fab monomeric content (% monomer), purified Fab thermal stability in ° C., purified IgG1 expression yield in mg (purified IgG1)/L (cell culture), purified IgG1 monomeric content (% monomer), purified IgG1 thermal stability in ° C. (the transition shown is that of the variable domains, the transition of the Fc domains is not shown) and IgG1 isoelectric point of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 65-95. The data was determined using the methods described in Example 9.1.1-9.1.3 and 9.2.1-9.2.4. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 19 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the thermal stability in ° C. (apparent Tm) before and after acid exposure (the apparent Tm given corresponds to the unfolding of the variable domains, the unfolding midpoint of the Fc domains is not shown) as determined using differential scanning fluorometry as described in Example 9.2.5(a), the relative change in turbidity based upon the UV absorption before and during acid exposure and after neutralization as described in Example 9.2.5(b). The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 1-32. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 20 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the particle radius (nm) before and after acid exposure and the polydispersity before and after acid exposure as described in Example 9.2.5(c), the particle staining before and after acid as described in Example 9.2.5(d), and the cumulative score as described in Example 9.2.7. The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 1-32. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 21 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the thermal stability in ° C. (apparent Tm) before and after acid exposure (the apparent Tm given corresponds to the unfolding of the variable domains, the unfolding midpoint of the Fc domains is not shown) as determined using differential scanning fluorometry as described in Example 9.2.5(a), the relative change in turbidity based upon the UV absorption before and during acid exposure and after neutralization as described in Example 9.2.5(b). The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 33-64. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 22 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the particle radius (nm) before and after acid exposure and the polydispersity before and after acid exposure as described in Example 9.2.5(c), the particle staining before and after acid as described in Example 9.2.5(d), and the cumulative score as described in Example 9.2.7. The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 33-64. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 23 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the thermal stability in ° C. (apparent Tm) before and after acid exposure (the apparent Tm given corresponds to the unfolding of the variable domains, the unfolding midpoint of the Fc domains is not shown) as determined using differential scanning fluorometry as described in Example 9.2.5(a), the relative change in turbidity based upon the UV absorption before and during acid exposure and after neutralization as described in Example 9.2.5(b). The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 65-95. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 24 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the particle radius (nm) before and after acid exposure and the polydispersity before and after acid exposure as described in Example 9.2.5(c), the particle staining before and after acid as described in Example 9.2.5(d), and the cumulative score as described in Example 9.2.7. The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 65-95. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 25 shows the VH germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 204-216, respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 217-229, respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 1 and HCDR1 regions of certain variable heavy chains. The amino acid sequences are germline protein sequences, as defined herein. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The germline genes shown are the same as those shown in FIG. 6, but only include the VH germline genes selected for embodiments of the collection.

FIG. 26 shows the VH germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 204-216 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 217-229 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 2 and HCDR2 regions of certain variable heavy chains. The amino acid sequences are germline protein sequences, as defined herein. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The germline genes shown are the same as those shown in FIG. 6, but only include the VH germline genes selected for embodiments of the collection.

FIG. 27 shows the VH germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 204-216 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 217-229 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 3 region of certain variable heavy chains. The amino acid sequences are germline protein sequences, as defined herein. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The germline genes shown are the same as those shown in FIG. 6, but only include the VH germline genes selected for embodiments of the collection.

FIG. 28 shows the Vκ germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 230-239, respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 240-249, respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 1 and LCDR1 regions of certain variable light chains. The amino acid sequences are germline protein sequences, as defined herein. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The germline genes shown are the same as those shown in FIG. 7, but only include the Vκ germline genes selected for embodiments of the collection.

FIG. 29 shows the Vκ germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 230-239 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 240-249 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 2 and LCDR2 regions of certain variable light chains. The amino acid sequences are germline protein sequences, as defined herein. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The germline genes shown are the same as those shown in FIG. 7, but only include the Vκ germline genes selected for embodiments of the collection.

FIG. 30 shows the Vκ germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 230-239 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 240-249 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 3 region of certain variable light chains. The amino acid sequences are germline protein sequences, as defined herein. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The germline genes shown are the same as those shown in FIG. 7, but only include the Vκ germline genes selected for embodiments of the collection.

FIG. 31 shows the Vλ germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 250-257, respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 258-265, respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 1 and LCDR1 regions of certain variable light chains. The amino acid sequences are germline protein sequences, as defined herein. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The germline genes shown are the same as those shown in FIG. 8, but only include the Vλ germline genes selected for embodiments of the collection. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 32 shows the Vλ germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 250-257 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 258-265 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 2 and LCDR2 regions of certain variable light chains. The amino acid sequences are germline protein sequences, as defined herein. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The germline genes shown are the same as those shown in FIG. 8, but only include the Vλ germline genes selected for embodiments of the collection. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 33 shows the Vλ germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 250-257 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 258-265 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 3 region of certain variable light chains. The amino acid sequences are germline protein sequences, as defined herein. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The germline genes shown are the same as those shown in FIG. 8, but only include the Vλ germline genes selected for embodiments of the collection. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 34 shows the VH germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 266-278, respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 279-291, respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 1 and HCDR1 regions of certain variable heavy chains. The amino acid sequences have been modified within HCDR1 to remove potential post translational modification sites (PTMs). The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The amino acids that have been modified in HCDR1 are underlined and the corresponding DNA encoding each position is bold and underlined.

FIG. 35 shows the VH germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 266-278 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 279-291 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 2 and HCDR2 regions of certain variable heavy chains. The amino acid sequences have been modified within HCDR2 to remove potential post translational modification sites (PTMs). The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. The amino acids that have been modified in HCDR2 are underlined and the corresponding DNA encoding each position is bold and underlined.

FIG. 36 shows the VH germline protein (SEQ ID NOS 266-278 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) and DNA sequences (SEQ ID NOS 279-291 (continued), respectively, in order of appearance) of the Framework 3 region of certain variable heavy chains. The amino acid sequences are germline as no potential post translation modification sites were removed within the framework regions. The DNA sequences have been codon optimized by GeneArt for E. coli expression avoiding rare human codons. VH1-69*01 and VH3-23 may also have nucleotides CGT at position 94.

FIG. 37 shows representative antibodies or antibody fragments specific for Dkk3 identified from the sub-collections VH3-23/VK1-39, and VH3-23/VL3-1, as described in Example 11. The figure shows the sub-collection from which each antibody or fragment was identified, the antigen, the length of the CDR-H3 and CDR-L3, the Fab thermal stability and affinity, the IgG1 pI, expression yield (mg/L), thermal stability and monomeric content (% monomer) determined by SEC. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 38 shows representative antibodies or antibody fragments specific for ErbB4/Her4_Fc identified from the sub-collections VH3-23/VK1-39, and VH3-23/VL3-1, as described in Example 11. The figure shows the sub-collection from which each antibody or fragment was identified, the antigen, the length of the CDR-H3 and CDR-L3, the Fab thermal stability and affinity, the IgG1 pI, expression yield (mg/L), thermal stability and monomeric content (% monomer) determined by SEC. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 39 shows apparent temperature melting points of selected Fabs as determined by Differential Scannning Fluorimetry (DSF) as described in Example 9.1.2. Each dot represents one unique Fab. Squares indicate the control Fabs as described in Example 9. Bars indicate the Median. The control represents the antibody tested for functional properties in Example 9, comprising germline FR regions and CDR1 and 2 of the respective germline protein pair, and the CDR3 from Ewert et al. The selected Fabs were generated in Example 11, and differ in sequence from the control antibody only in the CDR3. The close clustering here, shows that the output of the collection, meaning antibodies or fragments selected against DKK3 or ErbB4/Her4_Fc antigen, maintain the superior functional properties of the members of the collection design.

FIG. 40 shows the amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS 293, 295, 297 and 301, respectively, in order of appearance) and codon optimized nucleic acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS 292, 294, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302 and 303, respectively, in order of appearance) encoding the FR4 regions of collections of the invention.

FIGS. 41A and B show the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 305) and codon optimized nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 304) encoding the IgG1f heavy chain constant domain of collections of the invention. The nucleic acid sequences shown have been codon optimized.

FIG. 42 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 307) and codon optimized nucleic acid sequences (SEQ ID NO: 306) encoding the Fab heavy chain constant domain of collections of the invention.

FIG. 43 shows the amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS 309 and 311, respectively, in order of appearance) and codon optimized nucleic acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS 308 and 310, respectively, in order of appearance) encoding the IgG1f and Fab kappa light chain constant domains of collections of the invention. The nucleic acid sequences shown have been codon optimized.

FIG. 44 shows the amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS 313 and 315, respectively, in order of appearance) and codon optimized nucleic acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS 312 and 314, respectively, in order of appearance) encoding the IgG1f and Fab lambda light chain constant domains of collections of the invention.

FIG. 45 shows isoelectric point (pI) values of selected IgGs as described in Example 9.2.4. Each dot represents one unique IgG. Squares indicate the control IgGs as described in Example 9. Bars indicate the Median. The control represents the antibody tested for functional properties in Example 9, comprising germline FR regions and CDR1 and 2 of the respective germline protein pair, and the CDR3 from Ewert et al. The selected IgGs were generated in Example 11, and differ in sequence from the control antibody only in the CDR3. The close clustering here, shows that the output of the collection, meaning antibodies or fragments selected against DKK3 or ErbB4/Her4_Fc antigen, maintain the superior functional properties of the members of the collection design.

FIG. 46 shows apparent midpoints of unfolding of selected IgGs as determined by Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) as described in Example 9.2.2. Each dot represents one unique IgG. Squares indicate the control IgGs as described in Example 9. Bars indicate the Median. The control represents the antibody tested for functional properties in Example 9, comprising germline FR regions and CDR1 and 2 of the respective germline protein pair, and the CDR3 from Ewert et al. The selected IgGs were generated in Example 11, and differ in sequence from the control antibody only in the CDR3. The close clustering here, shows that the output of the collection, meaning antibodies or fragments selected against DKK3 or ErbB4/Her4_Fc antigen, maintain the superior functional properties of the members of the collection design.

FIG. 47 shows expression yields of selected IgGs as determined by UV-spectrophotometry as described in Example 9.2.1. Each dot represents one unique IgG. Squares indicate the control IgGs as described in Example 9. Bars indicate the Median. The control represents the antibody tested for functional properties in Example 9, comprising germline FR regions and CDR1 and 2 of the respective germline protein pair, and the CDR3 from Ewert et al. The selected IgGs were generated in Example 11, and differ in sequence from the control antibody only in the CDR3. The close clustering here, shows that the output of the collection, meaning antibodies or fragments selected against DKK3 or ErbB4/Her4_Fc antigen, maintain the superior functional properties of the members of the collection design.

FIG. 48 shows monomeric content of selected IgGs as determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) as described in Example 9.2.3. Each dot represents one unique IgG. Squares indicate the control IgGs as described in Example 9. Bars indicate the Median. The control represents the antibody tested for functional properties in Example 9, comprising germline FR regions and CDR1 and 2 of the respective germline protein pair, and the CDR3 from Ewert et al. The selected IgGs were generated in Example 11, and differ in sequence from the control antibody only in the CDR3. The close clustering here, shows that the output of the collection, meaning antibodies or fragments selected against DKK3 or ErbB4/Her4_Fc antigen, maintain the superior functional properties of the members of the collection design. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 49 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the relative change in turbidity based upon the UV absorption before and during agitation with glass beads as described in Example 9.2.6(a). The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 1-32. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 50 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the thermal stability in ° C. (apparent Tm) after agitation with glass beads (the apparent Tm given corresponds to the unfolding of the variable domains, the unfolding midpoint of the Fc domains is not shown) as determined using differential scanning fluorometry as described in Example 9.2.6(b) shows the particle radius (nm) after agitation with glass beads, the polydispersity after agitation with glass beads as described in Example 9.2.6(c), and the particle staining before and after agitation with glass beads as described in Example 9.2.6(d). The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 1-32. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 51 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the relative change in turbidity based upon the UV absorption before and during stress testing as described in Example 9.2.6(a). The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 33-64. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 52 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the thermal stability in ° C. (apparent Tm) after agitation with glass beads (the apparent Tm given corresponds to the unfolding of the variable domains, the unfolding midpoint of the Fc domains is not shown) as determined using differential scanning fluorometry as described in Example 9.2.6(b) shows the particle radius (nm) after agitation with glass beads, the polydispersity after agitation with glass beads as described in Example 9.2.6(c), and the particle staining before and after agitation with glass beads as described in Example 9.2.6(d). The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 33-64. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 53 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the relative change in turbidity based upon the UV absorption before and during stress testing as described in Example 9.2.6(a). The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 65-95. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 54 of the 95 germline protein pairs further tested as described in Example 9, this figure shows the thermal stability in ° C. (apparent Tm) after agitation with glass beads (the apparent Tm given corresponds to the unfolding of the variable domains, the unfolding midpoint of the Fc domains is not shown) as determined using differential scanning fluorometry as described in Example 9.2.6(b) shows the particle radius (nm) after agitation with glass beads, the polydispersity after agitation with glass beads as described in Example 9.2.6(c), and the particle staining before and after agitation with glass beads as described in Example 9.2.6(d). The data shown is of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 65-95. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 55 as described in Example 9.2.7 for each of the stress testing experiments done in Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6, exact values were identified, and for each exact value a corresponding score was provided. This figure shows the score, whether 0, 25, 75, or 100 given to each value for the experiments completed in Example 9.2.5, acid testing. The scores shown are of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 1-32. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 56 as described in Example 9.2.7 for each of the stress testing experiments done in Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6, exact values were identified, and for each exact value a corresponding score was provided. This figure shows the score, whether 0, 25, 75, or 100 given to each value for the experiments completed in Example 9.2.6, agitation with glass beads. In addition, this figure shows the cumulative score, which was calculated by adding together the scores from the tests done in Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6. The scores shown are of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 1-32. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 57 as described in Example 9.2.7 for each of the stress testing experiments done in Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6, exact values were identified, and for each exact value a corresponding score was provided. This figure shows the score, whether 0, 25, 75, or 100 given to each value for the experiments completed in Example 9.2.5, acid testing. The scores shown are of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 33-64. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 58 as described in Example 9.2.7 for each of the stress testing experiments done in Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6, exact values were identified, and for each exact value a corresponding score was provided. This figure shows the score, whether 0, 25, 75, or 100 given to each value for the experiments completed in Example 9.2.6, agitation with glass beads. In addition, this figure shows the cumulative score, which was calculated by adding together the scores from the tests done in Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6. The scores shown are of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 33-64. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 59 as described in Example 9.2.7 for each of the stress testing experiments done in Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6, exact values were identified, and for each exact value a corresponding score was provided. This figure shows the score, whether 0, 25, 75, or 100 given to each value for the experiments completed in Example 9.2.5, acid testing. The scores shown are of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 65-95. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIG. 60 as described in Example 9.2.7 for each of the stress testing experiments done in Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6, exact values were identified, and for each exact value a corresponding score was provided. This figure shows the score, whether 0, 25, 75, or 100 given to each value for the experiments completed in Example 9.2.6, agitation with glass beads. In addition, this figure shows the cumulative score, which was calculated by adding together the scores from the tests done in Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6. The scores shown are of the tested germline protein pairs numbers 65-95. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIGS. 61A-D germline protein pairs of embodiments of the invention were displayed on phage and selected against Frizzled-4 Fc, GFP or erbB4/Her4_Fc fusion. This figure shows the sub-collections used, the antigen selected against, the number of clones screened, ELISA positive hits, and number of unique antibodies. Here, VL means Vλ.

FIGS. 62A-C shows IgGs from sub-collections selected against rhErbB4/Her4_Fc fusion, rhFZD-4 Fc fusion and eGFP, as described in Example 11. The figures show the sub-collection from which each antibody was identified, the antigen, the length of the CDR-H3 and CDR-L3, the IgG1 pI, IgG1 expression yield (mg/L), IgG1 thermal stability and monomeric content (% monomer) determined by SEC. Here, VL means Vλ.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

To facilitate understanding of the invention, the following definitions and illustrations are provided.

“Database or readable medium” as used herein, refers to any format for storing sequence data and thus any collection of information, such as a database file, a lookup table, an Excel spreadsheet or the like. In certain embodiments the database is stored in electronic form, such as a computer readable memory device. This includes media such as a server, a client, a hard disk, a CD, a DVD, a personal digital assistant such as a Palm Pilot, a tape, a zip disk, the computer's internal ROM (read-only-memory) or the internet or worldwide web. Other media for the storage of files accessible by a computer will be obvious to one skilled in the art.

“In silico” refers to manipulations, analysis, or designs performed on a computer, but may also be likewise performed on paper or mentally.

The term “antibody” as used herein includes whole antibodies. An antibody may be polyclonal, affinity-purified polyclonal, monoclonal, human, murine or rodent, chimeric, camelid or humanized antibodies. An antibody may belong to any of the antibody classes, such as IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA (including human subclasses IgA1 and IgA2), IgD, IgE, or IgM. An “antibody” is a protein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds.

The term antibody “fragment” or “functional fragment” as used herein includes any antigen binding fragment, such as Fab, F(ab′)2, Fab′, Fv, scFv, single chains which include an Fc portion, nanobodies and other antibody like structures having scaffolds other than variable framework regions. The term “functional fragment” includes, but is not limited to any portion of an antibody, that retains the ability to bind to an antigen of interest.

As used herein, the term “affinity” refers to the strength of interaction between antibody and antigen at antigenic sites. Within each antigenic site, the variable region of the antibody interacts through non-covalent forces with an antigen at numerous sites; the more interactions, the stronger the affinity. As used herein, the term “high affinity” for an antibody or functional fragment thereof, such as an IgG antibody, refers to an antibody having a KD of 10⁻⁸ M or less, 10⁻⁹ M or less, or 10⁻¹⁰ M or less, or 10⁻¹¹ M or less, or 10⁻¹² M or less for a target antigen. However, “high affinity” binding can vary for other antibody isotypes. For example, “high affinity” binding for an IgM isotype refers to an antibody having a KD of 10⁻⁷ M or less, or 10⁻⁸ M or less.

The term “Kassoc” or “Ka”, as used herein, is intended to refer to the association rate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, whereas the term “Kdis” or “Kd,” as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation rate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. The term “KD”, as used herein, is intended to refer to the equilibrium dissociation constant, which is obtained from the ratio of Kd to Ka (i.e. Kd/Ka) and is expressed as a molar concentration (M). KD values for antibodies can be determined using methods well established in the art. A method for determining the KD of an antibody is by using surface plasmon resonance, or using a biosensor system such as a Biacore® system.

The term “chimeric antibody” is an antibody molecule in which (a) the constant region, or a portion thereof, is altered, replaced or exchanged so that the antigen binding site (variable region) is linked to a constant region of a different or altered class, effector function and/or species.

The term “isotype” refers to the antibody class (e.g., IgM, IgE, IgG such as IgG1 IgG2 or IgG4) that is provided by the heavy chain constant region genes. Isotype also includes modified versions of one of these classes, where modifications have been made to alter the Fc function, for example, to enhance or reduce effector functions or binding to Fc receptors.

The term “germline” means the nucleic acid sequence encoding antibodies or functional fragments thereof that are passed down from parent to offspring.

The term “germline protein sequence” or “germline amino acid sequence” means a) the amino acid sequence of a variable region of antibody or functional fragment thereof encoded by a germline gene; b) the amino acid sequence encoded by a modified nucleic acid sequence encoding a variable region of antibody or functional fragment thereof having the same amino acid sequence as a variable region of an antibody or functional fragment thereof encoded by a germline gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is modified by, for example, by codon optimization, the addition of desired restriction sites, optimized GC content, the removal of undesired mRNA splice sites or the removal of mRNA instability motifs, or c) an amino acid sequence encoded by a germline gene, but with minor mutations in the amino acid sequence, such as, for the purpose of removing of an undesired cysteine, or introduction of desired restriction site, e.g. BbsI, or that result from errors in synthesis, amplification or cloning. Examples of “germline protein sequences” or “germline amino acid sequences” are shown in FIGS. 6-8 and 25-33. Additionally, “germline protein sequence” or “germline amino acid sequence” include the constructs as prepared in Example 5, which comprise

a) for VH: leader sequence (modified phoA incorporating a NheI RE site as shown in Table 1); germline FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2 and FR3 (incorporating a BssHII RE site (GCGCGC) as shown in FIG. 1); CDR-H3 (WGGDGFYAMDY) (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the 4D5 antibody as used in Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553; and the JH4 FR4 (incorporating a XhoI RE site (CTCGAG) as shown in FIG. 1);

b) for Vk: leader sequence (ompA incorporating the NdeI RE site as shown in Table 2); germline FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2 and FR3 (incorporating a BbsI RE site (GAAGAC) as shown in FIG. 1), kappa-like CDR-L3 (QQHYTTPPT) (SEQ ID NO: 2) according to Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553; and the Jk1 FR4 (incorporating a KpnI/Acc65I RE site (GGTACC) as shown in FIG. 1); and

c) for Vλ: leader sequence (ompA incorporating the NdeI RE site as shown in Table 2); germline FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2 and FR3 (incorporating a BbsI RE site (GAAGAC) as shown in FIG. 1), lambda-like CDR-L3 (QSYDSSLSGVV) (SEQ ID NO: 3) according to Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553; and the JI2/3 FR4 (incorporating a KpnI/Acc65I RE site (GGTACC) as shown in FIG. 1).

The “germline protein sequences” or “germline amino acid sequences” of antibodies encoded by the germline genes are disclosed in the following publications, for VH: Tomlinson et al., (1992), “The Repertoire of Human Germline Vh Sequences Reveals about Fifty Groups of Vh Segments with Different Hypervariable Loop” J. Mol. Biol. 227, 776-798; Matsuda et al. (1998), “The complete nucleotide sequence of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region locus” J Exp Med 188(11):2151-62; and LeFranc MP (2001) “Nomenclature of the human immunoglobulin heavy (IGH) genes.” Exp Clin Immunogenet. 18(2):100-16; for Vλ: Kawasaki et al., (1997) “One-Megabase Sequence Analysis of the Human immunoglobulin lambda Gene Locus” Genome Research 7(3):250-61; Frippiat et al., (1995) “Organization of the human immunoglobulin lambda light-chain locus on chromosome 22q11.2” Hum. Mol. Genet., 4, 983-991; and LeFranc MP (2001) “Nomenclature of the human immunoglobulin lambda (IGL) genes. Exp Clin Immunogenet.; 18:242-254; and for Vκ: Schäble and Zachau (1993), “The variable genes of the human immunoglobulin kappa locus,” Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler. 374(11):1001-22; Brensing-Küppers et al. (1997), “The human immunoglobulin kappa locus on yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)” Gene. 191(2):173-81; Kawasaki et al. (2001), “Evolutionary dynamics of the human immunoglobulin kappa locus and the germline repertoire of the Vkappa genes” Eur J Immunol 31(4):1017-28; and Lefranc MP (2001) “Nomenclature of the human immunoglobulin kappa (IGK) genes” Exp Clin Immunogenet., 18, 161-174, which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

In parts of the specification, e.g. FIG. 5, the nomenclature of the variable domain germline genes used within the present application are IMGT, as described in the LeFranc et al. publications cited in the previous paragraph. Regarding nomenclature, “VH” and “IGHV” mean heavy chain variable domain, wherein the numbering of the genes is IMGT; “VL”, “Vλ” and “IGLV” mean lambda light chain variable domain, wherein the numbering of the genes is IMGT and “Vκ,” “VK” and “IGKV” mean kappa light chain variable domain, wherein the numbering of the genes is IMGT. Alternatively, “VL” can be used to mean variable light chain, including Vκ and Vλ.

The term “germline gene sequence” means a) the nucleic acid sequence of a germline gene encoding a variable region of an antibody or functional fragment thereof, or b) a modified nucleic acid sequence encoding a variable region of an antibody or functional fragment thereof having the same amino acid sequence as a variable region of an antibody encoded by a germline gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is modified by, for example, codon optimization, the addition of desired restriction sites, optimized GC content, the removal of undesired splice sites or the removal of mRNA instability motifs.

The term “germline gene pair(s)” means the pair of nucleic acid sequences, and their corresponding germline gene, encoding a variable heavy chain and a variable light chain of an antibody or functional fragment thereof. For example, a germline gene pair could be VH3-23/Vκ1-5, where the antibody encoded by VH3-23/Vκ1-5 comprises a variable heavy chain, or a portion thereof, encoded by germline gene VH3-23 and a variable light chain, or portion thereof, encoded by germline gene Vκ1-5.

The term “germline protein pair” means an antibody or functional fragment thereof, wherein the variable heavy chain, or portion thereof, and the variable light chain, or portion thereof, a) are each encoded by a specific germline gene, or b) are each encoded by a modified nucleic acid sequence encoding a variable region of an antibody or functional fragment thereof having the same amino acid sequence as a variable region of an antibody encoded by the specific germline gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is modified by, for example, by codon optimization, the addition of desired restriction sites, optimized GC content, the removal of undesired mRNA splice sites or the removal of mRNA instability motifs, or c) each comprise an amino acid sequence encoded by a germline gene, but with point mutations in the amino acid sequence, such as, for the purpose of removing of an undesired cysteine, or introduction of desired restriction sites, e.g. BbsI, or that result from errors in synthesis, amplification or cloning. For example, a germline protein pair could be the antibody or functional fragment encoded by VH3-23/Vκ1-5, where the antibody comprises a variable heavy chain, or a portion thereof, encoded by germline gene VH3-23 and a variable light chain, or portion thereof, encoded by germline gene Vκ1-5. A “germline protein pair” includes the constructs as prepared in Example 5, which comprise

a) for VH: leader sequence (modified phoA incorporating a NheI RE site as shown in Table 1); germline FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2 and FR3 (incorporating a BssHII RE site (GCGCGC) as shown in FIG. 1); CDR-H3 (WGGDGFYAMDY) (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the 4D5 antibody as used in Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553; and the JH4 FR4 (incorporating a XhoI RE site (CTCGAG) as shown in FIG. 1);

b) for Vk: leader sequence (ompA incorporating the NdeI RE site as shown in Table 2); germline FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2 and FR3 (incorporating a BbsI RE site (GAAGAC) as shown in FIG. 1), kappa-like CDR-L3 (QQHYTTPPT) (SEQ ID NO: 2) according to Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553; and the Jk1 FR4 (incorporating a KpnI/Acc65I RE site (GGTACC) as shown in FIG. 1); and

c) for Vλ: leader sequence (ompA incorporating the NdeI RE site as shown in Table 2); germline FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2 and FR3 (incorporating a BbsI RE site (GAAGAC) as shown in FIG. 1), lambda-like CDR-L3 (QSYDSSLSGVV) (SEQ ID NO: 3) according to Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553; and the JI2/3 FR4 (incorporating a KpnI/Acc65I RE site (GGTACC) as shown in FIG. 1).

The term “variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair” or “VH/VL pair” means the combination of one variable heavy chain and one variable light chain. An antibody and functional fragment, e.g. a Fab, comprises at least one variable heavy chain bound to a variable light chain, which form the antigen binding region. An example, of a variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair is the antibody or functional fragment, or portion thereof, comprising germline amino acid sequences from VH3-23/Vκ1-5, or encoded by the germline genes VH3-23/Vκ1-5, where the antibody comprises a variable heavy chain, or a portion thereof, comprising germline amino acid sequences from VH3-23, or encoded by germline gene VH3-23 and a variable light chain, or portion thereof, comprising germline amino acid sequences from Vκ1-5, or encoded by germline gene Vκ1-5.

The term “substantially all” means at least 90%. For example, substantially all of the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline amino acid sequences of a germline protein pair having certain properties, means that at least 90% of the antibodies or fragments comprise, variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline amino acid sequences of a germline protein pair having such properties.

The sequences of the JH4 for variable heavy chain, Jκ1 for variable κ light chain, and Jλ2/3 for variable λ light chain regions are described in the following publications: Scaviner et al., (1999), “Protein displays of the human immunoglobulin heavy, kappa and lambda variable and joining regions” Exp Clin Immunogenet. 16(4):234-40; for JH: Ravetch et al., (1981), “Structure of the human immunoglobulin mu locus: characterization of embryonic and rearranged J and D genes.” Cell 27 (3 pt 2): 583-91; for JK: Hieter et al. (1982), “Evolution of human immunoglobulin kappa J region genes.” J Biol Chem 257(3):1516-22; for JL: Kawasaki et al., (1997) “One-Megabase Sequence Analysis of the Human immunoglobulin lambda Gene Locus” Genome Research 7(3):250-61, which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. The JH4 amino acid sequence is (YFDYWGQGTLVTVSS) (SEQ ID NO: 4); the Jκ1 amino acid sequence is (WTFGQGTKVEIK) (SEQ ID NO: 5); and the Jλ2/3 amino acid sequence is (VVFGGGTKLTVL) (SEQ ID NO: 6).

The term “variable domain/region/(VH or VL)” means the region of an immunoglobulin that comprises one or more Ig domains substantially encoded by any of the VL (including Vk and Vλ), VH, JL (including Jk and Jλ), and JH nucleic acids that make up the light chain (including κ and λ) and heavy chain immunoglobulin genetic loci respectively. A light or heavy chain variable region (VL and VH) is made up of a “framework” or “FR” region interspersed by three hypervariable regions referred to as “complementarity determining regions” or “CDRs.” The extent of the framework region and CDRs have been defined using at least the following conventions: see Kabat, 1991, J. Immunol., 147, 915-920; Chothia & Lesk, 1987, J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917; Chothia et al., 1989, Nature 342: 877-883; Al-Lazikani et al., 1997, J. Mol. Biol. 273: 927-948); see also http://www.bioc.uzh.ch/antibody/Numbering/NumFrame.html (which shows the well known numbering conventions of antibody amino acids and the location of the CDRs and framework regions), and that used in FIGS. 25-36.

The term “framework region” means the part of the variable domain which serves as a scaffold for the antigen binding loops. Examples of the framework regions include FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4 of either the variable heavy or variable light chains.

The term “complementarity determining region” or “CDR” means an antibody's antigen binding loops. Each of the two variable domains of an antibody Fv fragment contains three CDRs. The complementarity determining regions include CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of either the variable heavy or variable light chains.

The term “human immune repertoire” means a repertoire of the nucleic acids isolated from B cells from the immune system of a human. A repertoire may be that of an individual, or a population, and may come from naïve B cells and/or antigen experienced B cells. The present invention is amenable to the determination of an immune repertoire from a single individual, provided sufficient B-cells are obtained. Preferably, the immune repertoire is obtained from multiple individuals to avoid sample biases. An example of a human immune repertoire is described in Examples 2-3.

An “antigen” and “immunogen” are defined as any molecule that is bound specifically by an antibody.

The term “specific for an antigen/immunogen” means the specific association between an antibody and a corresponding molecule. Specificity can be determined by the methods described in Example 11, such as ELISA and/or Biacore.

“CDR diversification” or “diversified CDR” is obtained by varying the amino acid composition within a CDR. A diversified CDR can be found in a collection of antibodies or fragments having one or more identical framework regions, e.g. germline framework regions, wherein the antibodies or fragments have CDR3s comprising different amino acid sequences. Diversified CDRs can be achieved by any methods known to one of skill in the art, including the methods described by the following: WO9708320, U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,064, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; WO2008053275, U.S. Ser. No. 12/158,181, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; WO07056441, U.S. 60/806,602, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; WO2009036379, U.S. 60/993,785, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; WO2009114815, Ser. No. 12/922,153, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; WO020617071, U.S. Ser. No. 12/762,051, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. CDRs are generally known to be the immunogen binding regions, therefore having collections comprising members representing a large diversity within the CDRs, especially CDR3, increases the possibility that a collection will comprise antibodies or fragments thereof having specificity, and optimal properties for any immunogen.

The term “variant” means an antibody or fragment having a different amino acid sequence than another antibody or fragment. The term “variant” includes antibodies or fragments that are essentially identical in sequence in the framework regions, but have different amino acid sequences in a CDR region, e.g. CDR3. Variants of a variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair, have essentially the same amino acid sequence within the framework regions, but have different amino acid sequences within the CDR3 region.

The term “synthesis” or “synthesized” means gene synthesis, where nucleic acid sequences are synthesized into physical DNA, comprising polynucleotides. Standard DNA synthesis comprises single nucleotide synthesis, where single-stranded oligo-nucleotides are generated and then the overlapping oligonucleotides are ligated using a PCR-like assembly. Companies, such as, Sloning (Puchheim, Germany), Geneart (Regensburg, Germany), DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, Calif. USA), Entelechon (Regensburg, Germany), and Genscript (Piscataway, N.J. USA) provide gene synthesis technology. Sloning, for example, utilizes a set of pre-made double stranded triplet nucleotides.

The term “synthetic” describes a molecule that is made outside of the human body by synthesis or synthesized, e.g. DNA. The term “synthetic” also describes a protein, e.g. antibody or fragment that is translated from a synthetic DNA molecule.

The term “collection” or “library” means at least two members. The term “member” includes, but is not limited to nucleic acids encoding antibodies or fragments thereof or the antibodies or fragments thereof themselves.

The term “nucleic acid” is used herein interchangeably with the term “polynucleotide” or “DNA” and refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single- or double-stranded form. The term encompasses nucleic acids containing known nucleotide analogs or modified backbone residues or linkages, which are synthetic, naturally occurring, and non-naturally occurring, which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid. Examples of such analogs include, without limitation, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides, and peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs).

Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) and complementary sequences, as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, as detailed below, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19:5081, 1991; Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260:2605-2608, 1985; and Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8:91-98, 1994).

As used herein, the term, “codon optimized” or “codon optimization” means that a nucleotide sequence has been altered so that it includes codons that are preferred in a certain production system, e.g. cell or organism. The optimized nucleotide sequence is engineered to retain the amino acid sequence originally encoded by the starting nucleotide sequence. In addition the nucleotide sequence may be designed to be completely or as much as possible devoid of inhibitory motifs, mRNA splice sites, mRNA instability motifs and undesired restriction sites. It can also be optimized for GC content, desired restriction sites and other parameters. Sequences may be optimized for expression in different hosts, including bacterial or eukaryotic cells, specifically mammalian cells. The amino acid sequences encoded by optimized nucleotide sequences may also be referred to as optimized.

The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refer to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an alpha carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acid mimetics refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid.

The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues.

The terms “identical” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same.

The term “vector” refers to a polynucleotide molecule capable of transporting another polynucleotide to which it has been linked. Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and/or expression of nucleic acids to which they are linked. Vectors capable of directing the expression of nucleic acids to which they are operatively linked are referred to herein as “expression vectors.” One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and mammalian vectors). Other vectors can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”). In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. Vectors may be compatible with prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” may be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

Vectors typically include a prokaryotic replicon which may include a prokaryotic promoter capable of directing the expression (transcription and translation) of the VH- and/or VL-coding homologs in a bacterial host cell, such as Escherichia coli transformed therewith. Additionally, vectors include IgG expression vectors for use in mammalian cells, e.g. see FIGS. 13-15. A promoter is an expression control element formed by a DNA sequence that permits binding of RNA polymerase and transcription to occur. Promoter sequences compatible with bacterial hosts are typically provided in plasmid vectors containing convenience restriction sites for insertion of a DNA segment. Examples of such vector plasmids include pUC8, pUC9, pBR322, and pBR329, pPL and pKK223, available commercially.

A “display vector” includes a DNA sequence having the ability to direct replication and maintenance of the recombinant DNA molecule extra chromosomally in a host cell, such as a bacterial host cell, transformed therewith. Such DNA sequences are well known in the art. Display vectors can for example be phage vectors or phagemid vectors originating from the class of fd, M13, or fl filamentous bacteriophage. Such vectors are capable of facilitating the display of a protein including, for example, a binding protein or a fragment thereof, on the surface of a filamentous bacteriophage. Display vectors suitable for display on phage, ribosomes, DNA, bacterial cells or eukaryotic cells, for example yeast or mammalian cells are also known in the art, for example, as are viral vectors or vectors encoding chimeric proteins.

The term “recombinant host cell” (or simply “host cell”) refers to a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein. Typical host cells are prokaryotic (such as bacterial, including but not limited to E. coli) or eukaryotic (which includes yeast, mammalian cells, and more). Bacterial cells are preferred prokaryotic host cells and typically are a strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) such as, for example, the E. coli strain DH5 available from Bethesda Research Laboratories, Inc., Bethesda, Md. Preferred eukaryotic host cells include yeast and mammalian cells including murine and rodents, preferably vertebrate cells such as those from a mouse, rat, monkey or human cell line, for example HKB11 cells, PERC.6 cells, or CHO cells.

The introduction of vectors into host cells may be accomplished by a number of transformation or transfection methods known to those skilled in the art, including calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, microinjection, liposome fusion, RBC ghost fusion, protoplast fusion, viral infection and the like. The production of monoclonal full-length antibodies, Fab fragments, Fv fragments and scFv fragments is well known.

Transformation of appropriate cell hosts with a recombinant DNA molecule is accomplished by methods that typically depend on the type of vector and cells used. With regard to transformation of prokaryotic host cells, see, for example, Cohen et al., Proceedings National Academy of Science, USA, Vol. 69, P. 2110 (1972); and Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, Cold spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982). With regard to the transformation of vertebrate cells with retroviral vectors containing rDNAs, see for example, Sorge et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 4:1730-1737 (1984); Graham et al., Virol., 52:456 (1973); and Wigler et al., Proceedings National Academy of Sciences, USA, Vol. 76, P. 1373-1376 (1979).

eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) has the following amino acid sequence:

MSGSHHHHHHGTMVSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATY GKLTLKFICTTGKLPVPWPTLVTTLTYGVQCFSRYPDHMKQHDFFKSAMPEGYVQ ERTIFFKDDGNYKTRAEVKFEGDTLVNRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYI MADKQKNGIKVNFKIRHNIEDGSVQLADHYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALS KDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITLGMDELYKDI. The amino acids underlined and in italics represent the His tag, and those only underlined represent the addition of a restriction enzyme recognition sequence.

Collections of Antibodies or Fragments Thereof

The present disclosure enables collections of antibodies or functional fragments thereof and the nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or fragments that can be used in the identification of therapeutic antibodies against any target, where the antibodies or fragments are clinically developable, safe and effective in patients. As background, the inventors assumed that the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs abundant in the human immune repertoire (such as, VH3-23/VK1-5) likely have favorable biophysical properties that would lead to more efficient development and increase the safety and efficacy of the resulting antibodies in patients. Such favorable biophysical properties could include: a) high relative display rate in Fab format; b) high relative Fab expression yield; c) temperature stability in both Fab and IgG format; d) bovine/mouse serum stability of both Fab and IgG format; e) high IgG1 expression yield; e) SEC monomeric content (% monomer) in both Fab and IgG format; and/or f) high IgG1 isoelectric point (pI).

Each B cell encodes one antibody, and each antibody comprises a variable heavy chain and variable light chain. Each of the variable heavy chain and variable light chains of an antibody can be aligned with a germline gene sequence (or germline protein sequence) in order to determine the origin of the antibody, meaning from which germline gene the variable heavy chain and variable light chain were derived. Therefore, for each antibody, it can be said, that the variable heavy chain and variable light chain comprise a germline gene pair, or germline protein pair, for example, VH3-23 paired with VK1-5.

In order to prove the hypothesis that the germline protein pairs abundant in the human immune repertoire likely have favorable biophysical properties, the first step was to identify the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs (germline protein pairs) present in the human immune repertoire. In some aspects the data is obtained from publically available literature or databases and from the sampling of B cells.

The following articles were identified and analyzed in detail: Wardemann H. et al. (2003) Science 301, 1374-1377 and any supporting tables; Yurasov S. et al. (2005) J. Exp. Med. 201, 703-712 and any supporting tables; Tsuiji M. et al. (2006) J. Exp. Med. 203, 393-401 and any supporting tables; Yurasov S. et al. (2006) J. Exp. Med. 203, 2255-2262 and any supporting tables, Tiller T. et al. (2007) Immunity 26, 205-213 and any supporting tables, and Mietzner B. et al. (2008) PNAS 105, 9727-9732 and any supporting tables, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Alternatively, databases, such as NCBI, can be searched using Ig-Blast. As of 2005 the database contained at least 25,000 rearranged human antibody sequences in FASTA format. Of the 22,500 entries, 13,235 represented VH sequences, 1,506 represented Vκ and 2,259 represented Vλ.

Generally, in the relevant publically available literature and databases, the following methods were followed: B cells were isolated from human donors, the B cells were sorted in order to determine their stage of development or differentiation, cDNAs were generated and amplified representing the DNA encoding the antibody from each B cell, the cDNAs were sequenced, cDNAs encoding the variable heavy chain and variable light chains were aligned to the known germline gene sequences, and the germline gene pair from each B cell was determined.

In some embodiments the data was obtained from the sampling and isolation of human B cells, which comprised a method similar to that used in the literature. In these aspects the method of producing a collection of synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprises the step of obtaining data comprising the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs present in the human immune repertoire; wherein the obtaining step further comprises the steps of aa) isolating human B cells from a sample; ab) generating cDNA from the B cells; ac) PCR amplifying the cDNA from the B cells; ad) sequencing the PCR products; and ae) identifying the germline genes of the PCR products. Both sets of data provided the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs that are present in the human immune repertoire.

Using antibody sequence data, one of skill in the art, can identify the germline families and/or genes of each VH, Vκ and Vλ variable domain. Using this approach, the prominence of each VH and VL germline family and/or gene, and/or the germline family and/or gene of each VH and VL domain pair can readily be determined by one of skill in the art.

The raw data obtained from literature and from B cells was pooled, analyzed and the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs present in the human immune repertoire were ranked in terms of number of each. From this data it was clear that certain variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs are present more frequently than others in the human immune repertoire. These prominent pairs were expected to have superior biophysical properties.

As a next step, it had to be determined which germline protein pairs were to be tested for functional properties relevant to developability, as there are ˜2500 pairs in the human immune repertoire. One way would be to test the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pairs that occur most prominently in the human immune repertoire, for example see Table 6. One could, for example, select the top four hundred pairs for testing, or select the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pairs present above a certain threshold number. This approach, however, would require the synthesis and testing of a large number of variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pair sequences; therefore, such an approach would not be very efficient.

As an alternative approach, the inventors selected a subset of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline pairs that are representative of, accurately reproduce, or cover the majority of the prominent pairs from the human immune repertoire. This approach was based, in part, upon the observation that a small number of variable heavy, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline genes are dominant in the human immune repertoire. Wildt et al. at 895-896 describes this phenomenon. Wildt et al. also states that the frequently expressed heavy and light chain gene segments are often paired, and observed that half of the pairings sampled correspond to only five germline pairs. Therefore, a small number of the prominent heavy and light chain germline genes (unpaired) can be combined to generate a group of pairs that are representative of the human immune repertoire.

Therefore, the raw data was analyzed to determine the variable heavy chain, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain (unpaired) germline genes prominent in the human immune repertoire. The prominent variable heavy chain, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline protein sequences were then evaluated to determine their biophysical properties relevant to development. The variable heavy chain, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline protein sequences were evaluated in silico for the following properties: CDR length, isoelectric point (pI) the preferred isoelectric point is 7.5 or above as this is should provide stability in a standard pH 5.5 to pH 7 formulation buffer, sites of potential post translational modification sites in the complementarity determining regions (PTM's) (specifically, N-linked glycosylation sites (N×S or N×T) or chemical modifications such as Asp cleavage (often at a DP), Asp isomerization (DS, DG), deamidation (NS, NG) which can occur in vivo (in serum) or upon storage in formulation buffer and lead to loss of antibody binding), the presence of Methionines in the CDRs (can be oxidized when exposed to solvent), the presence of unpaired Cysteines (will form disulfide bonds with any other unpaired cysteine, thus leading to crosslinking of proteins and/or lower expression levels), deviations from germline, the presence of potential T-cell epitopes, and theoretical aggregation propensity.

As shown in Tables 5, and FIGS. 2 and 3, generally, the top 20 VH, top 8 Vλ and top 12 Vκ were selected for synthesis, combination and subsequent functional analysis. The germline gene sequences were synthesized and then combined in order to generate 400 germline protein pairs that are representative of the germline gene pairs found in the immune repertoire, wherein each of the variable regions has favorable biophysical properties as identified in silico. The 400 VH/VL germline protein pairs were tested for the following properties: a) relative display after phage production and phage ELISA in Fab format; b) relative Fab expression yield after Fab production in E. coli, E. coli cell lysis and ELISA detection of produced Fab; c) temperature stability of Fab after Fab production in E. coli, E. coli cell lysis and ELISA detection of non-denatured Fab after incubation at increased temperatures; d) bovine/mouse serum stability of Fab from E. coli lysates by ELISA detection of non-denatured Fab after incubation in bovine/mouse serum; e) relative human IgG1 expression yield levels after IgG1 production in mammalian cells and ELISA detection of secreted IgG1 from cell culture supernatants; and f) bovine serum stability of human IgG1 by ELISA detection of non-denatured Fab after incubation in bovine/mouse serum.

Of the 400 germline protein pairs tested (results shown in Table 12), 95 were selected for further testing. After synthesis, expression and purification, the 95 germline protein pairs shown in FIGS. 16-24 were tested in both Fab and IgG1 formats for the following a) purified Fab expression yield in mg/L, b) purified Fab monomeric content (% monomer), c) purified Fab thermal stability, d) purified IgG1 expression yield in mg/L, e) purified IgG1 monomeric content (% monomer), f) purified IgG1 thermal stability, g) IgG1 isoelectric point and h) IgG1 stress testing with exposure to acid, including differential scanning fluorometry (DSF), absorption, dynamic light scattering and particle staining. The results are shown in FIGS. 16-24.

In an embodiment, the following thresholds were set i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L; ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format; iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98% as determined by SEC; iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L; v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99% as determined by SEC. Therefore, in an embodiment, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments,

wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pairs comprise the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and     -   vi) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC.

In additional embodiments, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein substantially all, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or each of the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pairs comprise the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and     -   vi) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC.

In additional embodiments, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments consists of or consists essentially of variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pairs comprise the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and     -   vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least         99% as determined by SEC.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   i) the expression yield in Fab format was determined by         UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.538         mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   ii) the thermal stability in Fab format was determined by         differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   iii) the monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format was         determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex75         HR10/30 column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   iv) the expression yield in IgG1 format was determined by         UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.369         mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   v) the thermal stability in IgG1 format was determined by         differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   vi) the monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format was         determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Tosoh         TSK-Gel G3000SWxl column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

UV-spectrophotometry may be performed using the Nanadrop system (peqlab, Erlangen, Germany). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using the iCycler iQ5 Thermal Cycler (Biorad). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA). Size exclusion chromatography may be performed using the ÄKTA Purifier System (GE Healthcare).

The following germline protein pairs (54) were at or above the following thresholds using the method described above: i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L; ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format; iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98% as determined by SEC; iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L; v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99% as determined by SEC, therefore, have superior functional activity related to developability, (data shown in FIGS. 16-24): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252). Therefore, collections comprising any number of these germline protein pairs could be used to identify developable antibodies or fragments thereof against any antigen.

In an aspect, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of specific variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, for example, VH1-18/VK1-39. This means that the collection comprises antibodies or fragments wherein the framework regions of the antibodies or fragments comprise the germline protein sequences of VH1-18/VK1-39, where the variable heavy chain framework regions comprise the germline protein sequences of VH1-18 and the variable light chain framework regions comprise the germline protein sequences of VK1-39. A large number of germline protein pairs were tested, as constructs (as described in Examples 5 and 9), for their functional properties related to development. A number of constructs tested showed superior functional properties related to developability. The inventors believe that there is a high correlation between the input (antibody collection used for selection against an antigen) and output (antibodies identified from the collection as specific for the antigen) regarding the tested functional properties. Therefore, the collections of the invention comprise antibodies or fragments that comprise, in part, the same amino acid sequences as the constructs tested, for example, the framework regions and/or complementarity determining regions. Since, in an aspect, the collections comprise the amino acid sequences, or the nucleic acids encoding them, of the tested constructs it is believed that the collections comprise antibodies or fragments having the same superior functional properties related to developabiltiy as the constructs tested. Therefore, it is expected that the antibodies or fragments subsequently selected from the collections against an antigen will also have the same superior functional properties relevant to developability. This hypothesis is supported by the experiments and data described in Example 11, see FIGS. 37-39, 45-48 and 62.

In some embodiments, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, seventeen or more, eighteen or more, nineteen or more, twenty or more, twenty one or more, twenty two or more, twenty three or more, twenty four or more, twenty five or more, twenty six or more, twenty seven or more, twenty eight or more, twenty nine or more, thirty or more, thirty one or more, thirty two or more, thirty three or more, thirty four or more, thirty five or more, or thirty six or more, thirty seven or more, thirty eight or more, thirty nine or more, forty or more, forty one or more, or forty two or more, or forty three or more, or forty four or more, or forty five or more, or forty six or more, or forty seven or more, or forty eight or more, or forty nine or more, or fifty or more, or fifty one or more, or fifty two or more, or fifty three or more, or fifty four variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs of VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In an embodiment, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein substantially all, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90% or at least 95% or each of the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

An embodiment comprises a collection of synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of the, consisting of or consisting essentially of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In embodiments comprising the 54 pairs or a subset thereof, additional pairs may be selected to be added to the collection, wherein each germline protein pair added comprises the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/l as         determined by UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction         coefficient of 1.538 mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm,     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format as         determined by differential scanning fluorometry using PBS         buffer,     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98%         as determined by size exclusion chromatography using a         Superdex75 HR10/30 column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4,     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/l as         determined by UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction         coefficient of 1.369 mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm,     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format as         determined by differential scanning fluorometry using PBS         buffer, and     -   vi) the monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least         99% as determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Tosoh         TSK-Gel G3000SWxl column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

UV-spectrophotometry may be performed using the Nanadrop system (peqlab, Erlangen, Germany). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using the iCycler iQ5 Thermal Cycler (Biorad). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA). Size exclusion chromatography may be performed using the ÄKTA Purifier System (GE Healthcare).

Embodiments of the present disclosure comprise subsets of the germline protein pairs (54) above having superior functional activity related to developability. In an embodiment, a subset of germline protein pairs (36 out of 54) were selected based upon a comparison of the stress testing data identified using the methods described in Examples 9.2.5 (a-d), data shown in FIGS. 19-24, Example 9.2.6 (a-d), data shown in FIGS. 49-54 and Example 9.2.7, scoring shown in FIGS. 55-60. The stress testing methods evaluated the 95 germline protein pairs in IgG1 format in order to determine their ability to withstand exposure to acid and agitation with glass beads. The 36 germline protein pairs, of an embodiment, were selected as they have additional superior functional properties relevant to developability as they showed strong resistance to acid and agitation stress. The 36 germline protein pairs selected in an embodiment, fulfilled all of the threshold functional activities of the 54, and, in addition, scored at or above 1225 in the stress testing cumulative score (as described in Example 9.2.7), which rated the germline protein pairs according to the following characteristics: absorption at 320 nm before and after acid exposure, radius and % polydispersity before and after acid exposure, particle staining before and after acid exposure, absorption at 320 nm before and after agitation with glass beads, radius and % polydispersity after agitation with glass beads, and particle staining after agitation with glass beads. The 36 germline protein pairs selected in this embodiment, had values at or above the following thresholds for each criteria: a) purified Fab expression yield (as described in Example 9.1.1) of at least 2.5 mg/L; b) purified IgG1 expression yield (as described in Example 9.2.1) of at least 30.0 mg/L; c) thermal stability of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.2) of at least 70° C.; d) thermal stability of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.2) of at least 73° C.; e) monomeric content of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.3) of at least 98%; f) monomeric content of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.3) of at least 99% and g) stress testing cumulative score (as described in Example 9.2.7) of at least 1225.

Therefore, in an embodiment, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In embodiments comprising the 36 pairs or a subset thereof, additional pairs may be selected to be added to the collection, wherein each germline protein pair added comprises the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/l as         determined by UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction         coefficient of 1.538 mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm,     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format as         determined by differential scanning fluorometry using PBS         buffer,     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98%         as determined by size exclusion chromatography using a         Superdex75 HR10/30 column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4,     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/l as         determined by UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction         coefficient of 1.369 mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm,     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format as         determined by differential scanning fluorometry using PBS         buffer, and     -   vi) the monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least         99% as determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Tosoh         TSK-Gel G3000SWxl column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

UV-spectrophotometry may be performed using the Nanadrop system (peqlab, Erlangen, Germany). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using the iCycler iQ5 Thermal Cycler (Biorad). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA). Size exclusion chromatography may be performed using the ÄKTA Purifier System (GE Healthcare).

In embodiments, a collection of synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein substantially all, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90% or at least 95% or each of the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In other embodiments, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments,

wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, seventeen or more, eighteen or more, nineteen or more, twenty or more, twenty one or more, twenty two or more, twenty three or more, twenty four or more, twenty five or more, twenty six or more, twenty seven or more, twenty eight or more, twenty nine or more, thirty or more, thirty one or more, thirty two or more, thirty three or more, thirty four or more, thirty five or more, or thirty six of the following variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In an embodiment, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of, consisting of or consisting essentially of the following variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In another embodiment, the thresholds for each criterion were selected as follows: a) purified Fab expression yield (as described in Example 9.1.1) of at least 2.5 mg/L; b) purified IgG1 expression yield (as described in Example 9.2.1) of at least 30.0 mg/L; c) thermal stability of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.2) of at least 70° C.; d) thermal stability of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.2) of at least 73° C.; e) monomeric content of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.3) of at least 99%; f) monomeric content of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.3) of at least 99%; g) isoelectric point of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.4) of at least 8.3; and h) stress testing cumulative score (as described in Example 9.2.7) of at least 1225.

Therefore, in an embodiment, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pairs comprise the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format;     -   vi) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC, and     -   vii) an isoelectric point in IgG1 format of at least 8.3.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   i) the expression yield in Fab format was determined by         UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.538         mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   ii) the thermal stability in Fab format was determined by         differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   iii) the monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format was         determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex75         HR10/30 column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   iv) the expression yield in IgG1 format was determined by         UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.369         mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   v) the thermal stability in IgG1 format was determined by         differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   vi) the monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format was         determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Tosoh         TSK-Gel G3000SWxl column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

UV-spectrophotometry may be performed using the Nanadrop system (peqlab, Erlangen, Germany). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using the iCycler iQ5 Thermal Cycler (Biorad). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA). Size exclusion chromatography may be performed using the ÄKTA Purifier System (GE Healthcare).

In additional embodiments, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein substantially all, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 95% or each of the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pairs comprise the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format;     -   vi) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC, and     -   vii) an isoelectric point in IgG1 format of at least 8.3.

In additional embodiments, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments consists of or consists essentially of variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pairs comprise the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format;     -   vi) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC, and     -   vii) an isoelectric point in IgG1 format of at least 8.3.

The following germline protein pairs (33) were at or above the following thresholds: a) purified Fab expression yield (as described in Example 9.1.1) of at least 2.5 mg/L; b) purified IgG1 expression yield (as described in Example 9.2.1) of at least 30.0 mg/L; c) thermal stability of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.2) of at least 70° C.; d) thermal stability of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.2) of at least 73° C.; e) monomeric content of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.3) of at least 99%; f) monomeric content of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.3) of at least 99%; g) isoelectric point of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.4) of at least 8.3; and h) stress testing cumulative score (as described in Example 9.2.7) of at least 1225, therefore, have superior functional activity related to developability: VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

Therefore, in an embodiment, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In embodiments comprising the 33 pairs or a subset thereof, additional pairs may be selected to be added to the collection, wherein each germline protein pair added comprises the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/l as         determined by UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction         coefficient of 1.538 mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm,     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format as         determined by differential scanning fluorometry using PBS         buffer,     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 99%         as determined by size exclusion chromatography using a         Superdex75 HR10/30 column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4,     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/l as         determined by UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction         coefficient of 1.369 mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm,     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format as         determined by differential scanning fluorometry using PBS         buffer, and     -   vi) the monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least         99% as determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Tosoh         TSK-Gel G3000SWxl column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

UV-spectrophotometry may be performed using the Nanadrop system (peqlab, Erlangen, Germany). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using the iCycler iQ5 Thermal Cycler (Biorad). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA). Size exclusion chromatography may be performed using the ÄKTA Purifier System (GE Healthcare).

In embodiments comprising the 33 pairs or a subset thereof, additional pairs may be selected to be added to the collection, wherein each germline protein pair added further comprises the following property:

-   -   vii) an isoelectric point in IgG1 format of at least 8.3.

In a further embodiment, pairs are added to a collection even though the pairs themselves did not meet all of the thresholds within each criteria, but were added to the collections in order to enhance diversity. In an embodiment the collection of 33 germline protein pairs further comprises: VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); and VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256). In this embodiment, the collection comprises (36 pairs): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In embodiments, collections comprising any number of these germline protein pairs or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments could be used to identify developable antibodies or fragments thereof against any antigen.

In some embodiments, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, seventeen or more, eighteen or more, nineteen or more, twenty or more, twenty one or more, twenty two or more, twenty three or more, twenty four or more, twenty five or more, twenty six or more, twenty seven or more, twenty eight or more, twenty nine or more, thirty or more, thirty one or more, thirty two or more, thirty three or more variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs selected from the group consisting of VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In an embodiment, a collection comprises synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein substantially all, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90% or at least 95% or each of the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

An embodiment comprises a collection of synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of, consisting of or consisting essentially of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

An additional aspect to the present invention is the ability of the collections to be useful in identifying antibodies or functional fragments thereof against any immunogen. Therefore, in some embodiments, the collections comprise variable heavy chain framework regions and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of at least two different germline protein pairs; at least three different germline protein pairs; at least four different germline protein pairs; at least five different germline protein pairs; at least six different germline protein pairs; at least seven different germline protein pairs; at least eight different germline protein pairs; at least nine different germline protein pairs; at least ten different germline protein pairs; at least eleven different germline protein pairs; at least twelve different germline protein pairs; at least thirteen different germline protein pairs; at least fourteen different germline protein pairs; at least fifteen different germline protein pairs; at least sixteen different germline protein pairs; at least seventeen different germline protein pairs; at least eighteen different germline protein pairs; at least nineteen different germline protein pairs; at least twenty different germline protein pairs; at least 21 different germline protein pairs; at least 22 different germline protein pairs; at least 23 different germline protein pairs; at least 24 different germline protein pairs; at least 25 different germline protein pairs; at least 26 different germline protein pairs; at least 27 different germline protein pairs; at least 28 different variable heavy chain germline protein; at least 29 different germline protein pairs sequences; at least 30 different germline protein pairs; at least 31 different germline protein pairs; at least 32 different germline protein pairs; at least 33 different germline protein pairs; at least 34 different germline protein pairs; at least 35 different germline protein pairs; at least 36 different germline protein pairs; at least 37 different germline protein pairs; at least 38 different germline protein pairs; at least 39 different germline protein pairs; at least 40 different germline protein pairs; at least 41 different germline protein pairs; at least 42 different germline protein pairs; at least 43 different germline protein pairs; at least 44 different germline protein pairs; at least 45 different germline protein pairs; at least 46 different germline protein pairs; at least 47 different germline protein pairs; at least 48 different germline protein pairs; at least 49 different germline protein pairs; at least 50 different germline protein pairs; at least 51 different germline protein pairs; at least 52 different germline protein pairs; at least 53 different germline protein pairs; at least 54 different germline protein pairs.

As a low potential for immunogenicity in humans is a goal for therapeutic antibodies, in an aspect, the collections comprise framework regions comprising germline protein sequences or nucleic acids encoding them. In addition, in order to maintain a low risk of immunogenicity, complementarity determining regions may be used comprising germline protein sequences. In an embodiment, the collections comprise synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising one or more complementarity determining regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the complementarity determining regions of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 25-33. More specifically, in an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising CDR1 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and/or variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the CDR1 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 25, 28, and 31, and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-265. In an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising HCDR1 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the HCDR1 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIG. 25 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-229. In an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising LCDR1 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the LCDR1 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 28 and 31 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 230-265. In an additional embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising CDR2 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the CDR2 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 26, 29, and 32, and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-265. In an additional embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising HCDR2 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the HCDR2 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIG. 26 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-229. In an additional embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising LCDR2 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino and nucleic acid sequences of the LCDR2 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 29 and 32 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 230-265.

An aspect of the disclosure includes modifying germline complementarity determining regions to remove potential post translational modification sites (PTMs). Examples of variable heavy chain complementarity determining regions modified to remove PTMs are shown in FIGS. 34-36. In an aspect, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising one or more complementarity determining regions comprising amino acid modifications that remove potential post translational modification sites. In an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising one or more complementarity determining regions comprising the complementarity determining region sequences or nucleic acid sequences encoding the same depicted in FIGS. 34-36 from the respective variable heavy chain. In a further embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising HCDR1 regions comprising the HCDR1 or nucleic acids encoding the same depicted in FIGS. 34-36 from the respective variable heavy chain. The amino acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR1s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 266-278. The nucleic acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR1s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 279-291. In a further embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising HCDR2 regions comprising the HCDR2 regions or nucleic acids encoding the same depicted in FIGS. 34-36 from the respective variable heavy chain. The amino acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR2s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 266-278. The nucleic acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR2s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 279-291.

An aspect of the disclosure includes utilizing germline FR4 sequences in the collections. In an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a FR4 region selected from the group consisting of: JH4 (SEQ ID NO:293), Jκ1 (SEQ ID NO:297), and Jλ2/3 (SEQ ID NO:301). In an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a germline JH4 FR4 region, whose amino acid or nucleic acid sequence is depicted in FIG. 40. The JH4 FR4 amino acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:293) and (SEQ ID NO:295). The JH4 FR4 nucleic acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:292) and (SEQ ID NO:294). In an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a germline Jk1 FR4 region, whose amino acid or nucleic acid sequence is depicted in FIG. 40. The Jk1 FR4 amino acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:297). The Jk1 FR4 nucleic acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:296), (SEQ ID NO:298) and (SEQ ID NO:299). In an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a germline Jλ2/3 FR4 region, whose amino acid or nucleic acid sequence is depicted in FIG. 40. The Jλ2/3 FR4 amino acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:301). The Jλ2/3 FR4 nucleic acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:300), (SEQ ID NO:302) and (SEQ ID NO:303).

In an aspect, in order to enhance the ability of identifying antibodies or fragment thereof against any antigen, collections comprise a diversified CDR3 region. In an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a diversified HCDR3 region. In an embodiment, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a diversified LCDR3 region.

In another aspect, in order to enhance the ability of identifying antibodies or fragments thereof against any antigen, collections comprise at least 1×10⁴ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁵ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁶ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁷ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁸ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁹ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10¹⁰ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, or at least 1×10¹¹ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments.

In an embodiment the collections comprise antibodies or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies selected from the group consisting of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM and IgD. In an embodiment the collections comprise antibody fragments or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, F(ab′)2, Fab′, Fv, and scFv.

In embodiments, the IgG heavy chain constant domains of the antibodies of the collections comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIGS. 41A-B (SEQ ID NO: 305). In other embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding the IgG heavy chain constant domains of the antibodies of the collection comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIGS. 41A-B (SEQ ID NO: 304). In embodiments, the Fab heavy chain constant domains of the antibody fragments of the collections comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 42 (SEQ ID NO: 307). In other embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding the Fab heavy chain constant domains of the antibodies of the collection comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIG. 42 (SEQ ID NO: 306). In embodiments, the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 309) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 311) kappa light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments of the collections comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 43. In other embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 308) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 310) kappa light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments of the collections comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIG. 43. In embodiments, the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 313) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 315) lambda light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments of the collections comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 44. In other embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 312) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 314) lambda light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments of the collections comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIG. 44.

An aspect comprises, a vector comprising the collections of nucleic acids described herein. In an embodiment, the vector comprises a display vector. In an embodiment, the vector comprises a phagemid vector, yeast display or mammalian display vector. An aspect is a recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acids described herein, or a vector described herein. In an embodiment, the recombinant host is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In embodiment, the recombinant host cell of is E. coli, mammalian or yeast.

Methods of Making

An aspect comprises methods of producing the collections described herein.

An aspect comprises, a method of producing a collection of synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, comprising

a) identifying the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs present in the human immune repertoire;

b) testing the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pairs identified in step a) for the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and     -   vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least         99% as determined by SEC; and

c) generating a collection, wherein substantially all, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90% or at least 95% or each of the, or the antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs,

wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of the germline protein pairs fulfilling the properties of step b).

In certain embodiments of the method,

-   -   i) the expression yield in Fab format was determined by         UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.538         mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   ii) the thermal stability in Fab format was determined by         differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   iii) the monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format was         determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex75         HR10/30 column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   iv) the expression yield in IgG1 format was determined by         UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.369         mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   v) the thermal stability in IgG1 format was determined by         differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   vi) the monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format was         determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Tosoh         TSK-Gel G3000SWxl column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

UV-spectrophotometry may be performed using the Nanadrop system (peqlab, Erlangen, Germany). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using the iCycler iQ5 Thermal Cycler (Biorad). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA). Size exclusion chromatography may be performed using the ÄKTA Purifier System (GE Healthcare).

In an embodiment, step a) further comprises the steps

aa) isolating human B cells from a sample;

ab) generating cDNAs from the B cells;

ac) PCR amplifying the cDNAs from the B cells;

ad) sequencing the PCR products;

ae) identifying the germline genes of each PCR product.

The DNA encoding antibodies and fragments thereof from each B cell are isolated, and amplified e.g., the heavy and light chain are physically isolated in a PCR reaction. The DNA is preferably sequenced. The DNA sequenced may be cDNA generated from B cell mRNA. mRNA extraction from eukaryotic cells, such as B cells, is a well know technological procedure. Numerous protocols exist and commercial kits are available. Such as the PolyATtract® mRNA Isolation System (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA) or various RNeasy and Oligotex DirectmRNA kits (both from Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Many of these techniques make use of the polyA tail of the eukaryotic mRNA, e.g. via affinity purification to oligo (dT) matrices, such as oligo (dT) cellulose.

cDNA can be selectively amplified from the isolated mRNA via reverse transcription using specific primers, followed by conventional PCR. Specific primers are used to amplify variable heavy and light chain domain nucleic acids. See Cancer Surv. 1997; 30:21-44, J. Clin. Pathol. 1994; 47:493-6, J. Clin. Pathol. 1990; 43:888-90 or Mol. Pathol. 2002 April; 55(2): 98-101. The DNA coding for both the variable and light chain domains from one B cell are maintained together so that the variable domain heavy and light chain class pairing can be identified. Techniques for the isolation of nucleic acids encoding variable domain pairings from individual B cells are well known in the art. See for example, WO01/92291; WO92/15678; WO93/03151, WO2005/042774; Mullinax R L et al., 1992 Biotechniques 12:6 864-868; Chapal, N. et al. 1997 Biotechniques 23, 518-524, Embleton M J et al., 1992 Nucleic Acids Res. 20:15, 3831-3837; Coronella, J. A. et al. 2000 Nucleic Acids Res. 28:20, E85; Thirion S et al., 1996 European Journal of Cancer Prevention 5:6 507-511; and Wang, X et al. 2000 J. Immunol. Methods 20, 217-225.

Preferably, the DNA from each of the B cells is sequenced. Various companies exist which are able to sequence entire genomes, such as Helicos BioSciences Corporation (Cambridge, Mass., USA). With its True Single Molecule Sequencing™ technology, Helicos is able to directly sequence single molecules of DNA or RNA at high speed and efficiency. Other companies able to perform similar sequence endeavors include Illumina (San Diego, Calif., USA; Solexa system) and Roche (Basel, CH; 454 system). No cloning steps are required prior to sequencing.

In another aspect, the disclosure enables methods of identifying the germline family of the heavy and light chain variable domain pairs present in the immune repertoire. All antibodies or fragments thereof can be traced back to their germline family using methods known to one of skill in the art. By analyzing the sequence of a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or fragment thereof, the germline family of both the VH and VL can be determined by methods known to one of skill in the art. For example, Wildt et. al, (1999) sampled B cells from 3 patients and identified 365 VH and VL class pairings. The RNA from each B cell was used for cDNA synthesis and the cDNA encoding the VH and VL regions was PCR amplified and sequenced. As shown in FIG. 1 of Wildt, certain VH and VLs classes paired more frequently than others, for example, VH3-8 with Vκ3-1, Vκ3-19, Vκ4-1, Vλ2-3, or Vλ1-2, and VH3-9 with Vκ3-1, Vκ3-3 or Vλ1-5.

In an embodiment, step b) further comprises the steps

ba) synthesizing DNA encoding antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprising variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pairs representing the pairs present in the human immune repertoire;

bb) expressing the germline protein pairs synthesized in ba); and

bc) testing the germline protein pairs of bb) for each of the properties.

In an aspect of the method, the nucleic acids encoding collections of antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention are synthesized and expressed in collections that may be used for selection against an antigen. In this embodiment the method comprises step c), wherein step c) comprises the steps ca) synthesizing nucleic acids encoding the antibodies or functional fragments thereof; cb) cloning the nucleic acids into a vector; cc) expressing the antibodies or functional fragments thereof.

In another embodiment of the method, the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise the germline protein sequences from the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs of VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In another embodiment of the method, the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences comprising two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, seventeen or more, eighteen or more, nineteen or more, twenty or more, twenty one or more, twenty two or more, twenty three or more, twenty four or more, twenty five or more, twenty six or more, twenty seven or more, twenty eight or more, twenty nine or more, thirty or more, thirty one or more, thirty two or more, thirty three or more, thirty four or more, thirty five or more, or thirty six or more, thirty seven or more, thirty eight or more, thirty nine or more, forty or more, forty one or more, or forty two or more, or forty three or more, or forty four or more, or forty five or more, or forty six or more, or forty seven or more, or forty eight or more, or forty nine or more, or fifty or more, or fifty one or more, or fifty two or more, or fifty three or more, or fifty four variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs selected from the group consisting of VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In further embodiments of the method, substantially all, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90% or at least 95% or each of the, or the antibodies or functional fragments comprises variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pair comprises the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and     -   vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least         99% as determined by SEC     -   viii) an isoelectric point in IgG1 format of at least 8.3.

In this embodiment of the method, the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise the germline protein sequences from the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs of VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In a further embodiment of the method, the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs further comprise the germline protein sequences from the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs of VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); and VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256). In this embodiment of the method, the collection comprises (36 pairs): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

Methods of Using

An aspect comprises methods of using the collections described herein to identify antibodies or fragments specific for an antigen.

An aspect of the disclosure comprises a method of identifying an antibody or antibody fragment specific for an antigen, comprising:

(a) contacting the antigen with a collection of antibodies or functional fragments thereof, wherein substantially all, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90% or at least 95% or each of the, or the antibodies or functional fragments of the collection comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of germline protein pairs comprising the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and     -   vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least         99% as determined by SEC, and

(b) selecting one or more antibodies or antibody fragments that bind to said antigen.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   i) the expression yield in Fab format was determined by         UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.538         mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   ii) the thermal stability in Fab format was determined by         differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   iii) the monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format was         determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex75         HR10/30 column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   iv) the expression yield in IgG1 format was determined by         UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.369         mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   v) the thermal stability in IgG1 format was determined by         differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer.

In certain embodiments,

-   -   vi) the monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format was         determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Tosoh         TSK-Gel G3000SWxl column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.

UV-spectrophotometry may be performed using the Nanadrop system (peqlab, Erlangen, Germany). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using the iCycler iQ5 Thermal Cycler (Biorad). Differential scanning fluorometry may be performed using Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA). Size exclusion chromatography may be performed using the ÄKTA Purifier System (GE Healthcare).

In an embodiment of the method the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences from VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In an embodiment of the method the antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen or more, sixteen or more, seventeen or more, eighteen or more, nineteen or more, twenty or more, twenty one or more, twenty two or more, twenty three or more, twenty four or more, twenty five or more, twenty six or more, twenty seven or more, twenty eight or more, twenty nine or more, thirty or more, thirty one or more, thirty two or more, thirty three or more, thirty four or more, thirty five or more, or thirty six or more, thirty seven or more, thirty eight or more, thirty nine or more, forty or more, forty one or more, or forty two or more, or forty three or more, or forty four or more, or forty five or more, or forty six or more, or forty seven or more, or forty eight or more, or forty nine or more, or fifty or more, or fifty one or more, or fifty two or more, or fifty three or more, or fifty four variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs selected from the group consisting of variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs selected from VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In embodiment of the method, substantially all, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90% or at least 95% or each of the, or the antibodies or functional fragments comprises variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pair comprises the following properties:

-   -   i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L;     -   ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format;     -   iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 99%         as determined by SEC;     -   iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L;     -   v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format;     -   vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least         99% as determined by SEC; and     -   viii) an isoelectric point in IgG1 format of at least 8.3.

In this embodiment of the method the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences from VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In a further embodiment of the method the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences further selected from the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); and VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256). In this embodiment, a collection comprises (36 pairs): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

Aspects of the Methods

In further aspects of the methods disclosed herein, the collections comprise synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising one or more complementarity determining regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid sequences of the complementarity determining regions of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 25-33. More specifically, in an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising CDR1 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and/or variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the CDR1 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 25, 28 and 31 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-265. In an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising HCDR1 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the HCDR1 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIG. 25 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-229. In an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising LCDR1 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the LCDR1 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 28 and 31 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 230-265. In an additional embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising CDR2 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the CDR2 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 26, 29 and 32 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs:204-265. In an additional embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising HCDR2 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the HCDR2 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIG. 26 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-229. In an additional embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising LCDR2 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the LCDR2 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 29 and 32 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 230-265.

In embodiments of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising one or more complementarity determining regions comprising amino acid modifications that remove potential post translational modification sites. In an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising one or more complementarity determining regions comprising the complementarity determining region sequences or nucleic acid sequences encoding the same depicted in FIGS. 34-36 from the respective variable heavy chain. In a further embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising HCDR1 regions comprising the HCDR1 or nucleic acids encoding the same depicted in FIGS. 34-36 from the respective variable heavy chain. The amino acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR1s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 266-278. The nucleic acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR1s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 279-291. In a further embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising HCDR2 regions comprising the HCDR2 regions or nucleic acids encoding the same depicted in FIGS. 34-36 from the respective variable heavy chain. The amino acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR2s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 266-278. The nucleic acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR2s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 279-291.

In an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a FR4 region selected from the group consisting of: JH4 (SEQ ID NO:293), Jκ1 (SEQ ID NO:297), and Jλ2/3 (SEQ ID NO:301). In an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a germline JH4 FR4 region, whose amino acid or nucleic acid sequence is depicted in FIG. 40. The JH4 FR4 amino acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:293) and (SEQ ID NO:295). The JH4 FR4 nucleic acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:292) and (SEQ ID NO:294). In an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a germline Jk1 FR4 region, whose amino acid or nucleic acid sequence is depicted in FIG. 40. The Jk1 FR4 amino acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:297). The Jk1 FR4 nucleic acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:296), (SEQ ID NO:298) and (SEQ ID NO:299). In an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a germline Jλ2/3 FR4 region, whose amino acid or nucleic acid sequence is depicted in FIG. 40. The Jλ2/3 FR4 amino acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:301). The Jλ2/3 FR4 nucleic acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:300), (SEQ ID NO:302) and (SEQ ID NO:303).

In an aspect, in order to enhance the ability of identifying antibodies or fragment thereof against any antigen, collections comprise a diversified CDR3 region. In an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a diversified HCDR3 region. In an embodiment of the method, a collection comprises antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments comprising a diversified LCDR3 region.

In another aspect, in order to enhance the ability of identifying antibodies or fragments thereof against any antigen, collections of the method comprise at least 1×10⁴ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁵ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁶ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁷ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁸ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10⁹ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, at least 1×10¹⁰ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments, or at least 1×10¹¹ antibodies or functional fragments thereof or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies or functional fragments.

In an embodiment of the method the collections comprise antibodies or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such antibodies selected from the group consisting of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM and IgD. In an embodiment of the method the collections comprise antibody fragments or synthetic nucleic acids encoding such fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, F(ab′)2, Fab′, Fv, and scFv.

In embodiments of the method, the IgG heavy chain constant domains of the antibodies of the collections comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIGS. 41A-B (SEQ ID NO: 305). In other embodiments of the method, the nucleic acids encoding the IgG heavy chain constant domains of the antibodies of the collection comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIGS. 41A-B (SEQ ID NO: 304). In embodiments, the Fab heavy chain constant domains of the antibody fragments of the collections comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 42 (SEQ ID NO: 307). In other embodiments of the method, the nucleic acids encoding the Fab heavy chain constant domains of the antibodies of the collection comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIG. 42 (SEQ ID NO: 306). In embodiments of the method, the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 309) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 311) kappa light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments of the collections comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 43. In other embodiments of the method, the nucleic acids encoding the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 308) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 310) kappa light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments of the collections comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIG. 43. In embodiments of the method, the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 313) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 315) lambda light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments of the collections comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 44. In other embodiments of the method, the nucleic acids encoding the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 312) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 314) lambda light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments of the collections comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIG. 44.

Antibodies of the Invention

In another aspect, the disclosure provides a synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or a synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragments, wherein the antibody or functional fragment comprises a variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair comprises germline protein sequences selected from the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In an embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises one or more complementarity determining regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair, wherein the amino acid sequence of the complementarity determining region of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain are depicted in FIGS. 25-33. More specifically, in an embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises a CDR1 region comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and/or variable light chain pair, wherein the amino acid sequence of the CDR1 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chains are depicted in FIGS. 25, 28, and 31, and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-265. In an embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises an HCDR1 region comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair, wherein the amino acid sequences of the HCDR1 region of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain are depicted in FIG. 25 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-229. In an embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises an LCDR1 region comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair, wherein the amino acid sequences of the LCDR1 region of the variable heavy chains and variable light chain are depicted in FIGS. 28 and 31 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 230-265. In an additional embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises a CDR2 region comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair, wherein the amino acid sequences of the CDR2 region of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain are depicted in FIGS. 26, 29, and 32, and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-265. In an additional embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises an HCDR2 region comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair, wherein the amino acid sequences of the HCDR2 region of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain are depicted in FIG. 26 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 204-229. In an additional embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises an LCDR2 region comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pair, wherein the amino acid sequences of the LCDR2 region of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain are depicted in FIGS. 29 and 32 and the corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 230-265.

An aspect of the disclosure includes modifying germline complementarity determining regions to remove potential post translational modification sites (PTMs). Examples of variable heavy chain complementarity determining regions modified to remove PTMs are shown in FIGS. 34-36. In an aspect, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises one or more complementarity determining regions comprising amino acid modifications that remove potential post translational modification sites. In an embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises one or more complementarity determining regions comprising the complementarity determining region sequences or nucleic acid sequences encoding the same depicted in FIGS. 34-36 from the respective variable heavy chain. In a further embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises an HCDR1 region comprising the HCDR1 or nucleic acids encoding the same depicted in FIGS. 34-36 from the respective variable heavy chain. The amino acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR1s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 266-278. The nucleic acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR1s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 279-291. In a further embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises an HCDR2 region comprising the HCDR2 region or nucleic acids encoding the same depicted in FIGS. 34-36 from the respective variable heavy chain. The amino acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR2s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 266-278. The nucleic acid sequences of the low PTM HCDR2s are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 279-291.

An aspect of the disclosure includes utilizing germline FR4 sequences. In an embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises a FR4 region selected from the group consisting of: JH4 (SEQ ID NO:293), Jκ1 (SEQ ID NO:297), and Jλ2/3 (SEQ ID NO:301). In an embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises a germline JH4 FR4 region, whose amino acid or nucleic acid sequence is depicted in FIG. 40. The JH4 FR4 amino acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:293) and (SEQ ID NO:295). The JH4 FR4 nucleic acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:292) and (SEQ ID NO:294). In an embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises a germline Jk1 FR4 region, whose amino acid or nucleic acid sequence is depicted in FIG. 40. The Jk1 FR4 amino acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:297). The Jk1 FR4 nucleic acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:296), (SEQ ID NO:298) and (SEQ ID NO:299). In an embodiment, the synthetic antibody or functional fragment thereof or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises a germline Jλ2/3 FR4 region, whose amino acid or nucleic acid sequence is depicted in FIG. 40. The Jλ2/3 FR4 amino acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:301). The Jλ2/3 FR4 nucleic acid sequence is depicted in (SEQ ID NO:300), (SEQ ID NO:302) and (SEQ ID NO:303).

In an embodiment the synthetic antibody or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody is selected from the group consisting of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM and IgD. In an embodiment the synthetic antibody fragment or synthetic nucleic acid encoding such antibody fragment is selected from the group consisting of Fab, F(ab′)2, Fab′, Fv, and scFv.

In embodiments, the IgG heavy chain constant domain of the antibody comprises the amino acid sequences shown in FIGS. 41A-B (SEQ ID NO: 305). In other embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding the IgG heavy chain constant domains of the antibody comprises the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIGS. 41A-B (SEQ ID NO: 304). In embodiments, the Fab heavy chain constant domain of the antibody fragments comprises the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 42 (SEQ ID NO: 307). In other embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding the Fab heavy chain constant domain of the antibody fragment comprises the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIG. 42 (SEQ ID NO: 306). In embodiments, the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 309) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 311) kappa light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 43. In other embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 308) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 310) kappa light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIG. 43. In embodiments, the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 313) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 315) lambda light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments comprise the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 44. In other embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding the IgG (SEQ ID NO: 312) and/or Fab (SEQ ID NO: 314) lambda light chain constant domains of the antibodies or antibody fragments comprise the nucleic acid sequences shown in FIG. 44.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation of Restriction Sites in the C-Terminus of a Prokaryotic Signal Sequence and Human Leader Sequence, Providing for Fully Germline FR1 Regions

In one aspect, the present disclosure describes collections of antibodies or fragments thereof comprising framework regions comprising germline protein sequences, specifically FR1. It is expected that having germline sequences shall lower the immunogenicity risk of the antibodies when administered in humans. Compatible restriction sites, however, must be used in order to enable standard cloning of the nucleic acids encoding the collections of antibodies into display and/or expression vectors so that the antibodies can be screened against immunogens. In the past, restriction sites utilized for cloning were often located within the framework regions, thus modifying the nucleic acid and/or amino acid sequence away from germline. In order to ensure that at least the framework 1 (FR1) region of each of the antibodies of the present disclosure maintain a germline protein sequence, there should not be any restriction sites within FR1 which would lead to deviations from the germline amino acid sequence. Therefore, an aspect of the present disclosure is the incorporation of an identical or at least compatible restriction site within the C-terminus of prokaryotic signal sequences and human leader sequences, specifically within the three C-terminal residues. Additionally, a prokaryotic signal sequence and human leader sequence comprising an identical or compatible restriction site must be functional and allow for good display and expression yield of the antibodies or fragments thereof in both prokaryotic and mammalian expression systems.

FIG. 1 shows the selected restriction sites and their corresponding positions. The NheI (VLA) restriction site was selected for incorporation into the prokaryotic heavy chain signal sequences (phoA). The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of the wildtype phoA signal sequence and the NheI (VLA) phoA signal sequence are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Wildtype E. coli phoA signal sequence (C-terminal amino acid  sequence from position −3 to −1 is TKA without restriction site): M  K Q  S  T  I  A  L  A  L  L P  L  L  F  T  P  V  T  K  A ATGAAACAGAGCACCATTGCCCTGGCCCTGCTGCCGCTGCTGTTTACCCCAGTGACCAAA GCC (SEQ ID NOS 8 and 7, respectively, in order of appearance) PhoA wild type C-terminus  T   K   A ACC AAA GCC Modified E. coli phoA signal sequence with C-terminal VLA and   NheI restriction site (=GCTAGC): M  K Q  S  T  I  A  L  A  L  L  P  L L  F  T  P  V  V  L A ATGAAACAGAGCACCATTGCCCTGGCCCTGCTGCCGCTGCTGTTTACCCCAGTGGT GCTA GC C (SEQ ID NOS 10 and 9, respectively, in order of appearance)

The NdeI (AYA) restriction site was selected for incorporation into the prokaryotic kappa and lambda signal sequences (ompA). The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of the wildtype ompA signal sequence and the modified NdeI (AYA) ompA signal sequence are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Wildtype E. coli ompA signal sequence (C-terminal amino acid   sequence from position −3 to −1 is AQA without restriction site): M  K  K  T  A I  A  I  A  V  A  L  A G  F  A  T  V  A  Q  A ATGAAAAAAACCGCCATTGCCATTGCCGTGGCCCTGGCAGGCTTTGCCACCGTGGCGCAG GCC (SEQ ID NOS 12 and 11, respectively, in order of appearance) OmpA wild type C-terminus  A   Q   A GCG CAG GCC Modified E. coli ompA signal sequence with C-terminal AYA and   NdeI restriction site (=CATATG): M  K K  T  A  I  A  I  A  V  A  L A  G  F  A  T  V  A  Y A ATGAAAAAAACCGCCATTGCCATTGCCGTGGCCCTGGCAGGCTTTGCCACCGTGG CATAT G CC Alternatively the DNA sequence includes: ATGAAAAAAACCGCCATTGCCATTGCCGTGGCCCTGGCAGGCTTTGCCACCGTGG CATAT G CG (SEQ ID NOS 14, 13 and 15 respectively, in order of appearance)

In order to allow an easy switch from E. coli expressed Fab to mammalian expressed IgG formats, the human leader sequences for the IgG light chain (human kappa leader) and IgG heavy chain (human heavy chain leader) were generated to contain the same restriction sites as the C-termini of the ompA (NdeI (AYA)) and phoA (NheI (VLA)) signal sequences. The wildtype and modified human heavy chain leader and human kappa leader sequences are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Heavy chain leader A) Wildtype human heavy chain leader (C-terminal amino acid sequence  from position −3 to −1 is VLS without restriction site): M  K  H  L  W  F  F  L  L  L  V  A  A  P  R  W  V  L  S ATGAAACACCTGTGGTTCTTCCTCCTGCTGGTGGCAGCTCCCAGATGGGTCCTGTCC (SEQ ID NOS 17 and 16, respectively, in order of appearance) Wild type Heavy chain leader C-terminus  V   L   S GTC CTG TCC B) Modified human heavy chain leader with C-terminal VLA and NheI  restriction site (=GCTAGC): M  K  H  L  W  F  F  L  L  L  V  A  A  P  R  W  V  L  A ATGAAGCACCTGTGGTTCTTTCTGCTGCTGGTGGCCGCTCCCCGGTGGGT GCTAGC C (SEQ ID NOS 19 and 18, respectively, in order of appearance) C) Wildtype human kappa leader (C-terminal amino acid sequence from  position −3 to −1 is AYG without restriction site): M  V  L  Q  T  Q  V  F  I  S  L  L  L  W  I  S  G  A  Y  G ATGGTGTTGCAGACCCAGGTCTTCATTTCTCTGTTGCTCTGGATCTCTGGTGCCTACGGG (SEQ ID NOS 21 and 20, respectively, in order of appearance) Kappa leader C-terminus  A   Y   G GCC TAC GGG D) Modified human kappa leader with C-terminal AYA and NdeI  restriction site (=CATATG): M  V  L  Q  T  Q  V  F  I  S  L  L  L  W  I  S  G  A  Y  A  ATGGTGCTCCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATCAGCCTGCTGCTGTGGATCAGCGGCG CATATG CG (SEQ ID NOS 23 and 22, respectively, in order of appearance)

The selected modified prokaryotic signal sequences and human leader sequences (a) result in high yields of Fab and IgG protein according to the vector system used, (b) provide full compatibility for switching antibody formats, vectors and expression systems between prokaryotic and mammalian systems and (c) are located in the signal/leader sequences thereby maintaining the full germline sequences of FR1.

Example 2 Identification of the Most Abundant VH/VL Pairs in the Human Repertoire

In its most general sense, the inventors began with the idea that an antibody collection that imitates the human immune system in essential ways may be advantageous. The inventors worked from their hypothesis that the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs abundantly expressed in the human immune repertoire likely have favorable biophysical properties that would lead to more efficient clinical development and increase the safety and efficacy of the resulting antibodies in patients. In order to prove this hypothesis, the first step was to identify the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs prominently expressed in the human immune repertoire.

Example 2.1 Determination of VH/VL Pair Germline Gene Usage

In order to identify the predominantly expressed VH/VL germline gene pairs from the human immune repertoire, publically available data was analyzed and human B cells were sampled. As a first step, publically available data was reviewed to identify articles describing the VH/VL germline gene pairs isolated from human B cells. As mentioned, many publically available databases provide antibody sequences, however, many provide only the sequences of either variable domain, VH or VL, but seldom provide the linkage of VH/VL germline gene pairs. The following articles were identified and analyzed in detail: Wardemann H. et al. (2003) Science 301, 1374-1377 and any supporting tables; Yurasov S. et al. (2005) J. Exp. Med. 201, 703-712 and any supporting tables; Tsuiji M. et al. (2006) J. Exp. Med. 203, 393-401 and any supporting tables; Yurasov S. et al. (2006) J. Exp. Med. 203, 2255-2262 and any supporting tables, Tiller T. et al. (2007) Immunity 26, 205-213 and any supporting tables, and Mietzner B. et al. (2008) PNAS 105, 9727-9732 and any supporting tables, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Additional VH/VL pair data was identified from a sample of human B cells, as described below.

Example 2.2 Determination of VH/VL Pair Gene Usage from a Human Sample

In order to obtain additional VH/VL germline gene pair usage data, PBMCs were isolated from a human host. The PBMCs were sorted, the cDNAs of the B cells were amplified using PCR, the DNA from the B cells was sequenced and then the sequences were blasted with IgBLAST (NCBI) to identify the VH/VL germline gene pairs from each B cell.

General methods of isolating and sorting human PBMCs from venous blood and mononuclear cells from bone marrow are described in Tiller et al., J Immunol Methods, 2008 Jan. 1; 329(1-2):112-24, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The PBMCs were isolated and then single sorted according to the cell surface marker of the phenotype of interest. Ig gene transcripts of the single sorted mature naïve (mn) B cells and antibody secreting cells (asc) were then PCR amplified for determination of the VH/VL germline gene pairings. General methods of PCR amplifying cDNA of B cells and the primers useful for the same are also described in Tiller et. al. 2008 (citation above). The specific primers used are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 (SEQ ID NOS 24-60, respectively, in order of appearance): for μ or γ heavy chain PCR: HC 1st PCR 5′ L-VH 1 ACAGGTGCCCACTCCCAGGTGCAG 24 5′ L-VH 3 AAGGTGTCCAGTGTGARGTGCAG 23 5′ L-VH 4/6 CCCAGATGGGTCCTGTCCCAGGTGCAG 27 5′ L-VH 5 CAAGGAGTCTGTTCCGAGGTGCAG 24 3′ Cμ CH1 (m u) GGGAATTCTCACAGGAGACGA 21 3′ Cg CH1 (gamma) GGAAGGTGTGCACGCCGCTGGTC 23 HC 2nd PCR 5′ AgeI VH1 CTGCAACCGGTGTACATTCCCAGGTGCAGCTGGTGCAG 38 5′ AgeI VH1/5 CTGCAACCGGTGTACATTCCGAGGTGCAGCTGGTGCAG 38 5′ AgeI VH3 CTGCAACCGGTGTACATTCTGAGGTGCAGCTGGTGGAG 38 5′ AgeI VH3-23 CTGCAACCGGTGTACATTCTGAGGTGCAGCTGTTGGAG 38 5′ AgeI VH4 CTGCAACCGGTGTACATTCCCAGGTGCAGCTGCAGGAG 38 5′ AgeI VH 4-34 CTGCAACCGGTGTACATTCCCAGGTGCAGCTACAGCAGTG 40 3′ SalI JH 1/2/4/5 TGCGAAGTCGACGCTGAGGAGACGGTGACCAG 32 3′ SalI JH 3 TGCGAAGTCGACGCTGAAGAGACGGTGACCATTG 34 3′ SalI JH 6 TGCGAAGTCGACGCTGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTG 33 3′ IgG (internal) GTTCGGGGAAGTAGTCCTTGAC 22 for kappa light chain PCR: k LC 1st PCR 5′ L-Vk 1/2 ATGAGGSTCCCYGCTCAGCTGCTGG 25 5′ L-Vk 3 CTCTTCCTCCTGCTACTCTGGCTCCCAG 28 5′ L-Vk 4 ATTTCTCTGTTGCTCTGGATCTCTG 25 3′ Ck 543 GTTTCTCGTAGTCTGCTTTGCTCA 24 k LC 2nd PCR 5′ Pan Vk ATGACCCAGWCTCCABYCWCCCTG 24 3′ Ck 494 GTGCTGTCCTTGCTGTCCTGCT 22 for lambda light chain PCR: (LC 1st PCR 5′ L-VI 1 GGTCCTGGGCCCAGTCTGTGCTG 23 5′ L-VI 2 GGTCCTGGGCCCAGTCTGCCCTG 23 5′ L-VI 3 GCTCTGTGACCTCCTATGAGCTG 23 5′ L-VI 4/5 GGTCTCTCTCSCAGCYTGTGCTG 23 5′ L-VI 6 GTTCTTGGGCCAATTTTATGCTG 23 5′ L-VI 7 GGTCCAATTCYCAGGCTGTGGTG 23 5′ L-VI 8 GAGTGGATTCTCAGACTGTGGTG 23 3′ C( CACCAGTGTGGCCTTGTTGGCTTG 24 (LC 2nd PCR 5′AgeI VI 1 CTGCTACCGGTTCCTGGGCCCAGTCTGTGCTGACKCAG 38 5′AgeI VI 2 CTGCTACCGGTTCCTGGGCCCAGTCTGCCCTGACTCAG 38 5′AgeI VI 3 CTGCTACCGGTTCTGTGACCTCCTATGAGCTGACWCAG 38 5′AgeI VI 4/5 CTGCTACCGGTTCTCTCTCSCAGCYTGTGCTGACTCA 37 5′AgeI VI 6  CTGCTACCGGTTCTTGGGCCAATTTTATGCTGACTCAG 38 5′AgeI VI 7/8 CTGCTACCGGTTCCAATTCYCAGRCTGTGGTGACYCAG 38 3′XhoI CI CTCCTCACTCGAGGGYGGGAACAGAGTG 28

cDNAs of the single sorted mature naïve (mn) B cells and antibody secreting cells (asc) were synthesized. Nested PCR was conducted, where human IgH, Igk and IgL V gene transcripts were PCR amplified independently. The sequencing results were blasted with IgBLAST (NCBI) to identify the respective VH, VK, and VL germline genes.

Example 2.3 VH/VL Germline Gene Pairs Identified in the Human Immune Repertoire

The VH/VL germline gene pair data identified from the publically available literature as described in Example 2.1 was pooled with the data identified from a human sample as described in Example 2.2. The pooled data was analyzed and is shown as a ranking in Table 6, i.e. the ranking of the percentage/proportion (%) of the VH/VL germline gene pairs identified in the human immune repertoire.

Example 3 Determining the VH and VL Germline Gene Usage

A review of Table 6 shows that a small number of VH/VL pairs are dominant in the human immune repertoire as compared to the total number of germline genes. Wildt et al. at 895-896 described this phenomenon. Wildt et al. also described that the frequently expressed heavy and light chain gene segments are often paired, and observed that half of the pairings sampled corresponded to only five VH/VL germline gene pairs.

Additionally, the pooled data and additional references were evaluated to identify the VH, Vκ, and Vλ germline genes that are independently expressed (not as pairs) in the human immune repertoire. The additional literature references, which include unpaired VH and/or VL germline gene expression, were Brezinschek H. P. et al. (1997) J. Clin. Invest. 99, 2488, Demaison C. et al. (1995) Immunogenetics 42, 342, and Foster S. J. et al. (1997) J. Clin. Invest. 99, 1614, which are both incorporated by reference in their entireties. The data from Examples 2.1 and 2.2 and additional references were pooled and ranked to determine the VH, Vκ, and Vλ germline genes most prominently expressed in the human immune repertoire. The ranking is shown in Table 5.

In comparing Table 5, showing the unlinked VH, Vλ and Vκ germline gene prevalence in the human immune repertoire and Table 6, showing the linked VH/VL pair germline gene prevalence within the human immune repertoire, it was apparent that many of the VH, Vλ and Vκ germline genes that are highly represented when evaluated independent of linkage or pairing were also highly represented in the VH/VL pairings.

This observation is confirmed by the plots shown in FIGS. 4-5, which show the VH/VL germline gene pairs of the human immune repertoire. The figures show the actual number of each VH/VL germline gene pair identified from the pooled data, plotted on a matrix, where the Y axis includes the ranking of the VH germline genes, and the X axis includes the ranking of the VL germline genes.

Example 4 Selecting the VH/VL Germline Gene Pairings for Further Evaluation of their Biophysical Properties

As a next step, it had to be determined which germline protein pairs were to be tested, as there are ˜2500 pairs in the human immune repertoire and the inventors goal was to identify which of the germline protein pairs comprise favorable biophysical properties which would aid in selection and development. One way would be to to test the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pairs that occur most prominently in the human immune repertoire, for example see Table 6. One could, for example, select the top four hundred pairs for testing, or select the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pairs present above a certain threshold number. This approach would require the synthesis and testing of a large number of different variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pair sequences; therefore, such an approach may not be very efficient.

As an alternative approach, the inventors selected a subset of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline pairs that are representative of, accurately reproduce, or cover the majority of the prominent pairs from the human immune repertoire. This approach was based, in part, upon the above observation that a small number of variable heavy, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline genes (unpaired) are dominant in the human immune repertoire. Therefore, a small number of the prominent heavy and light chain germline genes (unpaired) can be combined to generate a group of VH/VL pairs that are representative of the human immune repertoire.

This approach was undertaken in the following way. In Example 3, the variable heavy chain, variable κ light chain, and variable λ light chain germline gene expression was determined. As a next step, an in silico analysis was completed of the prominent VH, Vλ and Vκ germline genes, where at least the following factors were evaluated: CDR length, isoelectric point (ph (the preferred isoelectric point is 7.5 or above as this is should provide stability in a standard pH 5.5 to pH 7 formulation buffer), potential post translational modification sites (PTM's) (specifically, N-linked glycosylation sites (N×S or N×T) or chemical modifications such as Asp cleavage (often at a DP or DQ), Asp isomerization (DS, DG), deamidation (NS, NG) which can occur in vivo (in serum) or upon storage in formulation buffer and lead to loss of antibody binding), the presence of Methionines in the CDRs (can be oxidized when exposed to solvent), the presence of unpaired cysteines (will form disulfide bonds with any other unpaired cysteine, thus leading to crosslinking of proteins and/or lower expression yield), deviations from germline, the presence of possible T-cell epitopes, and theoretical aggregation propensity. Selected data from the in silico analysis is shown in FIGS. 2-3.

Based upon the in silico analysis of the most prominent VH, Vλ and Vκ germline genes, a subset of these were selected for synthesis, combination and subsequent functional testing. This subset is shown in FIGS. 2-3. When comparing Table 5 and FIGS. 2-3, it is clear that not all of the most prominent VH, Vλ and Vκ germline genes were selected for further testing. Of the most prominent VH germline genes, shown in Table 5, IGHV4-34, IGHV4-59, and IGHV3-9 were not selected. Instead, see in FIGS. 2-3, IGHV3-74, IGHV3-73, and IGHV6-1 were selected. In total, 20 VH germline genes were selected. Of the most prominent Vκ germline genes, shown in Table 5, IGKV4-1, IGKV2-28/2D-28, IGKV1-33/1D-33, and IGKV1-8 were not selected. In total, 12 Vκ germline genes were selected. Of the most prominent Vλ germline genes shown in Table 5, IGLV1-44 was not selected. In total, 8 Vλ germline genes were selected.

Table 5 shows the ranking of the VH, Vκ, and Vλ germline gene usage from the human immune repertoire and bolds and underlines the germline genes that were selected for further functional testing.

TABLE 5 VH Vκ Vλ n = 2463 n = 1656 n = 780   1 IGHV3-23 10.6     1 IGKV3-20 16.2     1 IGLV2-14 18.1     2 IGHV3-30 8.0   2 IGKV1-39/1D-3 9 14.2     2 IGLV1-40 11.3     3 IGHV4-39 7.6   3 IGKV1-5 11.2    3 IGLV1-44 11.3   4 IGHV4-34 6.8   4 IGKV3-15 11.1     4 IGLV1-51 10.0    5 IGHV4-59 5.8  5 IGKV4-1 8.5   5 IGLV2-23 8.1   6 IGHV1-69 5.3   6 IGKV3-11 7.6   6 IGLV3-21 8.1   7 IGHV5-51 4.6  7 IGKV2-28/2D-28 6.0   7 IGLV1-47 6.5   8 IGHV3-7 4.5  8 IGKV1-33/1D-33 4.6   8 IGLV3-1 5.3   9 IGHV1-18 4.1   9 IGKV2-30 2.6   9 IGLV2-11 5.1 10 IGHV3-48 4.0 10 IGKV1-9 2.4 10 IGLV2-8 4.5 11 IGHV3-15 3.3 11 IGKV1-17 2.4 11 IGLV6-57 1.7 12 IGHV3-21 3.3 12 IGKV1-27 2.2 12 IGLV3-25 1.5 13 IGHV1-2 3.2 13 IGKV1-8 1.9 13 IGLV7-46 1.5 14 IGHV3-33 3.0 14 IGKV1-16 1.3 14 IGLV1-36 1.2 15 IGHV4-31 3.0 15 IGKV1-6 1.1 15 IGLV7-43 1.2 16 IGHV3-53 2.7 16 IGKV1-12 1.1 16 IGLV9-49 1.2 17 IGHV3-11 2.6 17 IGKV2D-29 1.0 17 IGLV4-69 1.0 18 IGHV3-9 2.2 18 IGKV1-13 0.7 18 IGLV2-18 0.6 19 IGHV4-4 2.1 19 IGKV1D-8 0.5 19 IGLV3-10 0.5 20 IGHV1-46 2.1 20 IGKV2-24 0.5 20 IGLV3-27 0.5 21 IGHV3-74 1.6 21 IGKV5-2 0.4 21 IGLV3-9 0.3 22 IGHV1-24 1.1 22 IGKV1D-12 0.3 22 IGLV3-12 0.1 23 IGHV4-61 1.1 23 IGKV2-40/2D-40 0.3 23 IGLV3-19 0.1 24 IGHV1-8 1.1 24 IGKV3D-20 0.3 24 IGLV3-22 0.1 25 IGHV1-3 1.0 25 IGKV1D-43 0.2 25 IGLV4-60 0.1 26 IGHV3-49 1.0 26 IGKV2D-30 0.2 26 IGLV8-61 0.1 27 IGHV3-43 0.6 27 IGKV3D-11 0.2 27 IGLV3-16 0.0 28 IGHV4-28 0.6 28 IGKV3D-15 0.2 28 IGLV4-3 0.0 29 IGHV3-64 0.5 29 IGKV2-29 0.2 29 IGLV5-37 0.0 30 IGHV7-81 0.5 30 IGKV1D-16 0.1 30 IGLV5-39 0.0 31 IGHV3-13 0.4 31 IGKV1D-17 0.1 31 IGLV5-45 0.0 32 IGHV3-72 0.4 32 IGKV3D-7 0.1 32 IGLV5-52 0.0 33 IGHV1-58 0.3 33 IGKV6-21/6D-21 0.1 33 IGLV10-54 0.0 34 IGHV3-73 0.3 34 IGKV6D-41 0.1 35 IGHV3-66 0.2 35 IGKV1D-13 0.0 36 IGHV7-4.1 0.2 37 IGHV2-5 0.1 38 IGHV4-30.2 0.1 39 IGHV3-20 0.1 40 IGHV6-1 0.0 41 IGHV1-e 0.0 42 IGHV1-f 0.0 43 IGHV1-45 0.0 44 IGHV2-26 0.0 45 IGHV2-70 0.0 46 IGHV3-d 0.0 47 IGHV4-b 0.0 48 IGHV4-30.4 0.0 49 IGHV5-a 0.0

Example 4.1 Recombination of Abundant VH, Vκ, and Vλ Germline Genes to Yield representation of VH/VL most prominent pairs in the human immune repertoire

As a next step, the 20 VH, 12 Vκ and 8 Vλ selected VH, Vκ, and Vλ germline genes were synthesized and combined to generate 400 VH/VL germline gene pairs, which pairs were subsequently tested for their biophysical properties. Table 6 shows that the 400 VH/VL germline gene pairs generated for functional testing do, in fact, accurately reproduce or cover the majority of the prominent VH/VL germline gene pairs in the human immune repertoire. Table 6 shows the ranking of the VH/VL pairs expressed in the human immune repertoire, wherein the 400 VH/VL pairs that were tested are bolded and underlined.

TABLE 6 The 400 VH/VL germline gene pairs functionally tested are representative of the VH/VL germline gene pairs identified in the human immune repertoire pos V heavy V light %   1 IGHV3-23 IGKV1-5 1.26  2 IGHV4-34 IGKV3-20 1.17   3 IGHV3-23 IGKV3-20 1.12   4 IGHV4-39 IGKV3-15 1.03   5 IGHV3-23 IGKV3-15 0.94  6 IGHV4-59 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.89   7 IGHV4-39 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.84 IGHV4-34 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.84  8 IGHV4-59 IGKV3-20 0.70 IGHV1-18 IGKV3-20 0.70   9 IGHV3-30 IGKV3-20 0.66 IGHV4-39 IGKV1-5 0.66 IGHV1-69 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.66 IGHV5-51 IGLV 1-40 0.66 10 IGHV3-23 IGKV4-1 0.61 IGHV4-39 IGKV3-20 0.61 IGHV3-23 IGLV 2-14 0.61 IGHV4-39 IGLV 3-21 0.61 11 IGHV3-23 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.56 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.56 IGHV3-30 IGKV3-11 0.56 IGHV1-69 IGKV3-20 0.56 IGHV3-48 IGKV3-20 0.56 IGHV1-2 IGKV3-20 0.56 12 IGHV3-30 IGKV4-1 0.51 IGHV5-51 IGLV 2-14 0.51 13 IGHV4-59 IGKV4-1 0.47 IGHV5-51 IGKV3-20 0.47 IGHV3-7 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.47 IGHV3-7 IGKV1-5 0.47 IGHV3-15 IGKV3-20 0.47 IGHV4-39 IGLV 2-14 0.47 IGHV4-39 IGLV 2-8 0.47 IGHV4-34 IGLV 2-14 0.47 14 IGHV3-23 IGKV3-11 0.42 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-5 0.42 IGHV3-30 IGKV3-15 0.42 IGHV4-34 IGKV1-5 0.42 IGHV3-21 IGKV1-5 0.42 IGHV3-21 IGKV3-15 0.42 IGHV3-30 IGLV 1-51 0.42 IGHV4-34 IGLV 1-51 0.42 IGHV3-21 IGLV 1-51 0.42 IGHV3-53 IGLV 1-44 0.42 15 IGHV4-59 IGKV3-15 0.37 IGHV4-34 IGKV3-15 0.37 IGHV5-51 IGKV4-1 0.37 IGHV1-69 IGKV4-1 0.37 IGHV1-69 IGKV3-11 0.37 IGHV3-7 IGKV3-15 0.37 IGHV1-18 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.37 IGHV3-48 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.37 IGHV3-33 IGKV3-15 0.37 IGHV3-53 IGKV1-5 0.37 IGHV4-59 IGLV 1-40 0.37 IGHV1-69 IGLV 2-14 0.37 IGHV1-69 IGLV 1-44 0.37 IGHV4-31 IGLV 2-14 0.37 IGHV1-2 IGLV 2-14 0.37 16 IGHV3-23 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.33 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-9 0.33 IGHV4-34 IGKV4-1 0.33 IGHV5-51 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.33 IGHV5-51 IGKV3-15 0.33 IGHV1-69 IGKV3-15 0.33 IGHV1-18 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.33 IGHV3-48 IGKV3-11 0.33 IGHV3-21 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.33 IGHV4-31 IGKV3-20 0.33 IGHV4-31 IGKV3-11 0.33 IGHV3-30 IGLV 2-14 0.33 IGHV4-39 IGLV 1-44 0.33 IGHV1-69 IGLV 1-40 0.33 IGHV3-9 IGLV 2-23 0.33 17 IGHV3-23 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.28 IGHV4-39 IGKV3-11 0.28 IGHV4-34 IGKV3-11 0.28 IGHV4-34 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.28 IGHV5-51 IGKV3-11 0.28 IGHV5-51 IGKV1-13 0.28 IGHV3-7 IGKV3-20 0.28 IGHV3-48 IGKV3-15 0.28 IGHV3-48 IGKV4-1 0.28 IGHV3-48 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.28 IGHV3-15 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.28 IGHV3-15 IGKV1-5 0.28 IGHV1-2 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.28 IGHV3-33 IGKV3-20 0.28 IGHV3-33 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.28 IGHV3-33 IGKV4-1 0.28 IGHV3-53 IGKV3-15 0.28 IGHV3-11 IGKV1-5 0.28 IGHV4-4 IGKV3-20 0.28 IGHV1-46 IGKV3-20 0.28 IGHV3-23 IGLV 1-40 0.28 IGHV3-23 IGLV 3-21 0.28 IGHV4-39 IGLV 1-40 0.28 IGHV4-34 IGLV 1-40 0.28 IGHV4-34 IGLV 1-47 0.28 IGHV3-48 IGLV 2-14 0.28 IGHV3-48 IGLV 1-47 0.28 IGHV1-2 IGLV 1-40 0.28 IGHV3-9 IGLV 2-14 0.28 IGHV4-4 IGLV 1-44 0.28 18 IGHV3-23 IGKV1-17 0.23 IGHV4-39 IGKV4-1 0.23 IGHV4-39 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.23 IGHV1-69 IGKV1-5 0.23 IGHV3-7 IGKV4-1 0.23 IGHV1-18 IGKV1-5 0.23 IGHV1-18 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.23 IGHV3-21 IGKV3-20 0.23 IGHV3-33 IGKV1-5 0.23 IGHV3-53 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.23 IGHV3-53 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.23 IGHV3-11 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.23 IGHV3-11 IGKV3-15 0.23 IGHV4-4 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.23 IGHV1-46 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.23 IGHV4-61 IGKV4-1 0.23 IGHV3-23 IGLV 1-44 0.23 IGHV3-23 IGLV 2-11 0.23 IGHV3-23 IGLV 3-1 0.23 IGHV3-30 IGLV 1-40 0.23 IGHV4-39 IGLV 1-51 0.23 IGHV4-39 IGLV 2-23 0.23 IGHV4-59 IGLV 3-1 0.23 IGHV5-51 IGLV 1-44 0.23 IGHV1-69 IGLV 1-51 0.23 IGHV1-69 IGLV 2-11 0.23 IGHV1-18 IGLV 2-14 0.23 IGHV1-18 IGLV 1-40 0.23 IGHV3-21 IGLV 2-14 0.23 IGHV1-2 IGLV 1-44 0.23 19 IGHV3-23 IGKV1-27 0.19 IGHV3-23 IGKV1-8 0.19 IGHV3-30 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.19 IGHV4-39 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.19 IGHV4-39 IGKV1-27 0.19 IGHV4-59 IGKV3-11 0.19 IGHV5-51 IGKV1-5 0.19 IGHV5-51 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.19 IGHV3-7 IGKV3-11 0.19 IGHV3-7 IGKV2-30 0.19 IGHV1-18 IGKV3-15 0.19 IGHV1-18 IGKV3-11 0.19 IGHV3-21 IGKV4-1 0.19 IGHV3-15 IGKV3-15 0.19 IGHV3-15 IGKV4-1 0.19 IGHV3-15 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.19 IGHV4-31 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.19 IGHV4-31 IGKV1-5 0.19 IGHV4-31 IGKV3-15 0.19 IGHV4-31 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.19 IGHV3-33 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.19 IGHV3-53 IGKV4-1 0.19 IGHV3-53 IGKV3-11 0.19 IGHV3-74 IGKV3-20 0.19 IGHV4-4 IGKV1-5 0.19 IGHV1-46 IGKV1-9 0.19 IGHV1-8 IGKV3-15 0.19 IGHV1-24 IGKV3-11 0.19 IGHV1-3 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.19 IGHV3-49 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.19 IGHV3-23 IGLV 2-23 0.19 IGHV3-30 IGLV 1-44 0.19 IGHV4-59 IGLV 2-14 0.19 IGHV4-59 IGLV 1-44 0.19 IGHV4-59 IGLV 1-51 0.19 IGHV4-34 IGLV 2-8 0.19 IGHV5-51 IGLV 1-47 0.19 IGHV1-69 IGLV 2-8 0.19 IGHV3-7 IGLV 1-40 0.19 IGHV3-15 IGLV 1-44 0.19 IGHV4-31 IGLV 2-23 0.19 IGHV3-33 IGLV 2-14 0.19 IGHV3-33 IGLV 1-47 0.19 IGHV3-33 IGLV 2-23 0.19 IGHV3-33 IGLV 3-21 0.19 IGHV3-9 IGLV 1-44 0.19 IGHV4-4 IGLV 2-14 0.19 IGHV1-46 IGLV 1-51 0.19 IGHV4-61 IGLV 1-44 0.19 IGHV1-8 IGLV 2-14 0.19 IGHV4-28 IGLV 2-23 0.19 20 IGHV3-23 IGKV1-9 0.14 IGHV3-23 IGKV1-16 0.14 IGHV4-39 IGKV1-6 0.14 IGHV4-59 IGKV1-5 0.14 IGHV4-59 IGKV1-27 0.14 IGHV4-34 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.14 IGHV5-51 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.14 IGHV1-69 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.14 IGHV1-69 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.14 IGHV3-7 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.14 IGHV3-7 IGKV1-8 0.14 IGHV3-48 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.14 IGHV3-48 IGKV1-8 0.14 IGHV3-15 IGKV3-11 0.14 IGHV3-15 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.14 IGHV3-15 IGKV1-9 0.14 IGHV4-31 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.14 IGHV1-2 IGKV1-5 0.14 IGHV1-2 IGKV4-1 0.14 IGHV3-11 IGKV3-20 0.14 IGHV3-11 IGKV3-11 0.14 IGHV3-11 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.14 IGHV3-9 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.14 IGHV3-9 IGKV1-5 0.14 IGHV3-9 IGKV4-1 0.14 IGHV3-9 IGKV2D-29 0.14 IGHV3-74 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.14 IGHV3-74 IGKV1-5 0.14 IGHV3-74 IGKV3-15 0.14 IGHV3-74 IGKV4-1 0.14 IGHV4-4 IGKV3-15 0.14 IGHV4-4 IGKV4-1 0.14 IGHV4-4 IGKV3-11 0.14 IGHV1-46 IGKV1-5 0.14 IGHV1-46 IGKV3-15 0.14 IGHV4-61 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.14 IGHV1-24 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.14 IGHV1-24 IGKV3-15 0.14 IGHV1-3 IGKV3-15 0.14 IGHV3-49 IGKV1-17 0.14 IGHV3-43 IGKV1-5 0.14 IGHV7-81 IGKV3-20 0.14 IGHV3-13 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.14 IGHV3-23 IGLV 1-51 0.14 IGHV3-30 IGLV 3-21 0.14 IGHV3-30 IGLV 3-1 0.14 IGHV4-39 IGLV 1-47 0.14 IGHV4-39 IGLV 2-18 0.14 IGHV4-59 IGLV 1-47 0.14 IGHV5-51 IGLV 2-23 0.14 IGHV5-51 IGLV 3-21 0.14 IGHV1-69 IGLV 2-23 0.14 IGHV3-7 IGLV 1-44 0.14 IGHV3-7 IGLV 1-51 0.14 IGHV3-7 IGLV 1-47 0.14 IGHV3-7 IGLV 3-21 0.14 IGHV1-18 IGLV 1-44 0.14 IGHV1-18 IGLV 1-51 0.14 IGHV3-48 IGLV 3-1 0.14 IGHV3-21 IGLV 1-47 0.14 IGHV3-15 IGLV 7-46 0.14 IGHV4-31 IGLV 1-40 0.14 IGHV4-31 IGLV 1-51 0.14 IGHV4-31 IGLV 1-47 0.14 IGHV1-2 IGLV 1-51 0.14 IGHV1-2 IGLV 2-23 0.14 IGHV1-2 IGLV 3-1 0.14 IGHV3-11 IGLV 2-14 0.14 IGHV3-11 IGLV 1-44 0.14 IGHV3-11 IGLV 2-11 0.14 IGHV3-11 IGLV 3-1 0.14 IGHV3-9 IGLV 1-47 0.14 IGHV3-9 IGLV 2-11 0.14 IGHV3-74 IGLV 2-23 0.14 IGHV3-74 IGLV 3-21 0.14 IGHV4-4 IGLV 1-40 0.14 IGHV1-46 IGLV 2-14 0.14 IGHV1-46 IGLV 1-44 0.14 IGHV4-61 IGLV 2-14 0.14 21 IGHV3-23 IGKV2D-29 0.09 IGHV3-23 IGKV2-29 0.09 IGHV3-23 IGKV2-40/2D-40 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGKV2-30 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-8 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-6 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGKV2-24 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGKV1D-8 0.09 IGHV4-39 IGKV2-30 0.09 IGHV4-59 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.09 IGHV4-59 IGKV1-12 0.09 IGHV4-34 IGKV1-9 0.09 IGHV4-34 IGKV1-17 0.09 IGHV4-34 IGKV1-16 0.09 IGHV5-51 IGKV2-30 0.09 IGHV1-69 IGKV1-27 0.09 IGHV1-69 IGKV1-8 0.09 IGHV1-69 IGKV3D-15 0.09 IGHV3-7 IGKV1-9 0.09 IGHV3-7 IGKV1-17 0.09 IGHV3-7 IGKV1-27 0.09 IGHV3-7 IGKV1-13 0.09 IGHV1-18 IGKV4-1 0.09 IGHV1-18 IGKV2-30 0.09 IGHV3-48 IGKV1-9 0.09 IGHV3-48 IGKV1-17 0.09 IGHV3-48 IGKV1-16 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGKV3-11 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGKV1-27 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGKV1-8 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGKV1-6 0.09 IGHV4-31 IGKV4-1 0.09 IGHV4-31 IGKV1-17 0.09 IGHV4-31 IGKV1-27 0.09 IGHV1-2 IGKV3-15 0.09 IGHV1-2 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.09 IGHV1-2 IGKV1-27 0.09 IGHV3-33 IGKV3-11 0.09 IGHV3-33 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.09 IGHV3-33 IGKV1-9 0.09 IGHV3-53 IGKV3-20 0.09 IGHV3-53 IGKV1-27 0.09 IGHV3-53 IGKV1-8 0.09 IGHV3-11 IGKV4-1 0.09 IGHV3-11 IGKV1-6 0.09 IGHV3-9 IGKV3-15 0.09 IGHV3-9 IGKV3-11 0.09 IGHV3-9 IGKV1-16 0.09 IGHV3-74 IGKV3-11 0.09 IGHV3-74 IGKV2-30 0.09 IGHV4-4 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.09 IGHV4-4 IGKV2D-29 0.09 IGHV1-46 IGKV3-11 0.09 IGHV1-46 IGKV1-27 0.09 IGHV1-46 IGKV1-16 0.09 IGHV4-61 IGKV3-15 0.09 IGHV1-8 IGKV3-20 0.09 IGHV1-8 IGKV4-1 0.09 IGHV1-24 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.09 IGHV1-24 IGKV2-30 0.09 IGHV1-3 IGKV3-20 0.09 IGHV3-49 IGKV3-20 0.09 IGHV3-49 IGKV1-5 0.09 IGHV3-43 IGKV3-11 0.09 IGHV3-64 IGKV1-5 0.09 IGHV3-64 IGKV3-11 0.09 IGHV7-81 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.09 IGHV3-13 IGKV4-1 0.09 IGHV3-72 IGKV1-5 0.09 IGHV3-72 IGKV3-15 0.09 IGHV1-58 IGKV3-20 0.09 IGHV3-66 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.09 IGHV3-23 IGLV 1-36 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGLV 2-23 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGLV 2-11 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGLV 9-49 0.09 IGHV3-30 IGLV 3-10 0.09 IGHV4-39 IGLV 3-1 0.09 IGHV4-39 IGLV 6-57 0.09 IGHV4-59 IGLV 2-23 0.09 IGHV4-59 IGLV 3-21 0.09 IGHV4-59 IGLV 2-11 0.09 IGHV4-34 IGLV 1-44 0.09 IGHV4-34 IGLV 2-23 0.09 IGHV4-34 IGLV 3-21 0.09 IGHV4-34 IGLV 3-25 0.09 IGHV5-51 IGLV 1-36 0.09 IGHV5-51 IGLV 3-25 0.09 IGHV1-69 IGLV 1-47 0.09 IGHV1-69 IGLV 3-21 0.09 IGHV1-69 IGLV 3-1 0.09 IGHV3-7 IGLV 2-14 0.09 IGHV1-18 IGLV 2-8 0.09 IGHV1-18 IGLV 6-57 0.09 IGHV3-48 IGLV 2-11 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGLV 1-40 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGLV 1-44 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGLV 3-21 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGLV 2-11 0.09 IGHV3-21 IGLV 4-69 0.09 IGHV3-15 IGLV 1-40 0.09 IGHV3-15 IGLV 1-51 0.09 IGHV3-15 IGLV 3-1 0.09 IGHV3-15 IGLV 2-8 0.09 IGHV3-15 IGLV 7-43 0.09 IGHV4-31 IGLV 3-21 0.09 IGHV1-2 IGLV 2-8 0.09 IGHV1-2 IGLV 7-46 0.09 IGHV3-33 IGLV 6-57 0.09 IGHV3-53 IGLV 2-14 0.09 IGHV3-11 IGLV 2-23 0.09 IGHV3-11 IGLV 3-21 0.09 IGHV3-11 IGLV 4-69 0.09 IGHV3-9 IGLV 3-21 0.09 IGHV3-9 IGLV 2-8 0.09 IGHV3-74 IGLV 2-14 0.09 IGHV4-4 IGLV 1-51 0.09 IGHV4-4 IGLV 2-23 0.09 IGHV4-4 IGLV 2-8 0.09 IGHV1-46 IGLV 2-11 0.09 IGHV4-61 IGLV 2-11 0.09 IGHV1-8 IGLV 1-47 0.09 IGHV1-24 IGLV 2-23 0.09 IGHV1-3 IGLV 2-14 0.09 IGHV1-3 IGLV 2-23 0.09 IGHV1-3 IGLV 3-1 0.09 IGHV3-49 IGLV 3-21 0.09 IGHV4-28 IGLV 1-44 0.09 IGHV4-28 IGLV 1-51 0.09 IGHV4-28 IGLV 1-36 0.09 IGHV3-43 IGLV 1-51 0.09 IGHV3-64 IGLV 3-21 0.09 IGHV7-81 IGLV 2-14 0.09 IGHV7-81 IGLV 3-21 0.09 22 IGHV3-23 IGKV2-30 0.05 IGHV3-23 IGKV1-12 0.05 IGHV3-23 IGKV3D-20 0.05 IGHV3-23 IGKV1D-12 0.05 IGHV3-23 IGKV1D-13 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-27 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-16 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGKV2D-29 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGKV1-13 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGKV5-2 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGKV2D-30 0.05 IGHV4-39 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV4-39 IGKV3D-15 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGKV2-30 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGKV1-8 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGKV1-16 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGKV1D-43 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGKV2D-30 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGKV1D-17 0.05 IGHV4-34 IGKV1-27 0.05 IGHV4-34 IGKV1-8 0.05 IGHV4-34 IGKV1-12 0.05 IGHV5-51 IGKV1-9 0.05 IGHV5-51 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV5-51 IGKV1-27 0.05 IGHV5-51 IGKV1-12 0.05 IGHV1-69 IGKV2-30 0.05 IGHV1-69 IGKV1-16 0.05 IGHV1-69 IGKV1-6 0.05 IGHV1-69 IGKV2D-29 0.05 IGHV1-69 IGKV2D-30 0.05 IGHV1-69 IGKV1D-16 0.05 IGHV3-7 IGKV1-6 0.05 IGHV3-7 IGKV1D-8 0.05 IGHV3-7 IGKV1D-17 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGKV1-8 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGKV1-16 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGKV1-12 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGKV1-13 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGKV2-40/2D-40 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGKV1-5 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGKV1-27 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGKV1-6 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGKV2D-29 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGKV3D-20 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGKV1D-12 0.05 IGHV3-21 IGKV2D-29 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGKV2-30 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGKV1-27 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGKV2D-29 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGKV1-13 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGKV1D-43 0.05 IGHV4-31 IGKV1-6 0.05 IGHV4-31 IGKV2-29 0.05 IGHV4-31 IGKV2-40/2D-40 0.05 IGHV1-2 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.05 IGHV1-2 IGKV2-30 0.05 IGHV1-2 IGKV1-8 0.05 IGHV1-2 IGKV1-6 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGKV1-8 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGKV1-16 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGKV2-24 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGKV1-9 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGKV1-12 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGKV2-29 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGKV1D-16 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGKV1-9 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGKV1-12 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGKV1D-8 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGKV3-20 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGKV1-27 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGKV1-8 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGKV1-12 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGKV1D-8 0.05 IGHV4-4 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV4-4 IGKV1-27 0.05 IGHV4-4 IGKV1-6 0.05 IGHV4-4 IGKV1D-8 0.05 IGHV1-46 IGKV4-1 0.05 IGHV1-46 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.05 IGHV1-46 IGKV1-8 0.05 IGHV4-61 IGKV3-11 0.05 IGHV4-61 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.05 IGHV4-61 IGKV1-16 0.05 IGHV4-61 IGKV1-12 0.05 IGHV4-61 IGKV1-13 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGKV1-5 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGKV3-11 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGKV1-9 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGKV2-29 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGKV3-20 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGKV4-1 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGKV2-24 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGKV2-40/2D-40 0.05 IGHV1-3 IGKV1-5 0.05 IGHV1-3 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.05 IGHV1-3 IGKV2-30 0.05 IGHV1-3 IGKV1-6 0.05 IGHV1-3 IGKV2D-29 0.05 IGHV3-49 IGKV3-15 0.05 IGHV3-49 IGKV3-11 0.05 IGHV3-49 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.05 IGHV4-28 IGKV3-20 0.05 IGHV4-28 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.05 IGHV3-43 IGKV3-15 0.05 IGHV3-43 IGKV4-1 0.05 IGHV3-43 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.05 IGHV3-43 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.05 IGHV3-64 IGKV3-15 0.05 IGHV3-64 IGKV1-9 0.05 IGHV3-64 IGKV2D-29 0.05 IGHV7-81 IGKV1-5 0.05 IGHV7-81 IGKV4-1 0.05 IGHV7-81 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.05 IGHV3-13 IGKV1-5 0.05 IGHV3-13 IGKV1-33/1D-33 0.05 IGHV3-13 IGKV1-9 0.05 IGHV3-13 IGKV2-30 0.05 IGHV3-72 IGKV3-20 0.05 IGHV3-72 IGKV1-9 0.05 IGHV3-72 IGKV1-17 0.05 IGHV3-72 IGKV1-16 0.05 IGHV3-73 IGKV2-28/2D-28 0.05 IGHV3-73 IGKV1-9 0.05 IGHV1-58 IGKV1-5 0.05 IGHV1-58 IGKV4-1 0.05 IGHV1-58 IGKV3-11 0.05 IGHV4-30.2 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.05 IGHV4-30.2 IGKV4-1 0.05 IGHV7-4.1 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.05 IGHV7-4.1 IGKV1-5 0.05 IGHV3-20 IGKV1-39/1D-39 0.05 IGHV3-23 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV3-23 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV3-23 IGLV 7-43 0.05 IGHV3-23 IGLV 2-18 0.05 IGHV3-23 IGLV 3-19 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGLV 6-57 0.05 IGHV3-30 IGLV 3-27 0.05 IGHV4-39 IGLV 7-46 0.05 IGHV4-39 IGLV 3-9 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGLV 6-57 0.05 IGHV4-59 IGLV 3-12 0.05 IGHV4-34 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV4-34 IGLV 1-36 0.05 IGHV4-34 IGLV 7-43 0.05 IGHV4-34 IGLV 9-49 0.05 IGHV5-51 IGLV 7-43 0.05 IGHV1-69 IGLV 6-57 0.05 IGHV1-69 IGLV 3-25 0.05 IGHV1-69 IGLV 3-10 0.05 IGHV3-7 IGLV 2-23 0.05 IGHV3-7 IGLV 3-1 0.05 IGHV3-7 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV3-7 IGLV 7-46 0.05 IGHV3-7 IGLV 3-27 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGLV 2-23 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGLV 1-36 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGLV 3-25 0.05 IGHV1-18 IGLV 3-10 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGLV 1-44 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGLV 1-51 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGLV 2-23 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGLV 3-21 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGLV 3-25 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGLV 7-46 0.05 IGHV3-48 IGLV 9-49 0.05 IGHV3-21 IGLV 2-23 0.05 IGHV3-21 IGLV 3-1 0.05 IGHV3-21 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV3-21 IGLV 6-57 0.05 IGHV3-21 IGLV 3-25 0.05 IGHV3-21 IGLV 7-46 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGLV 2-14 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGLV 2-23 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGLV 3-21 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGLV 6-57 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGLV 3-25 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGLV 2-18 0.05 IGHV3-15 IGLV 3-22 0.05 IGHV4-31 IGLV 1-44 0.05 IGHV4-31 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV4-31 IGLV 3-1 0.05 IGHV4-31 IGLV 4-69 0.05 IGHV4-31 IGLV 7-43 0.05 IGHV1-2 IGLV 3-21 0.05 IGHV1-2 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV1-2 IGLV 3-27 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGLV 1-44 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGLV 1-51 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGLV 3-1 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGLV 4-69 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGLV 3-27 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGLV 9-49 0.05 IGHV3-33 IGLV 3-9 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGLV 1-51 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGLV 2-23 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGLV 3-1 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV3-53 IGLV 7-46 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGLV 1-51 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGLV 3-25 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGLV 7-46 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGLV 9-49 0.05 IGHV3-11 IGLV 8-61 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGLV 1-51 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGLV 4-69 0.05 IGHV3-9 IGLV 4-60 0.05 IGHV3-74 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV3-74 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV3-74 IGLV 3-1 0.05 IGHV3-74 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV3-74 IGLV 7-43 0.05 IGHV3-74 IGLV 7-46 0.05 IGHV4-4 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV4-4 IGLV 3-1 0.05 IGHV4-4 IGLV 3-25 0.05 IGHV4-4 IGLV 9-49 0.05 IGHV1-46 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV1-46 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV1-46 IGLV 2-23 0.05 IGHV1-46 IGLV 3-21 0.05 IGHV1-46 IGLV 6-57 0.05 IGHV4-61 IGLV 2-23 0.05 IGHV4-61 IGLV 3-21 0.05 IGHV4-61 IGLV 3-1 0.05 IGHV4-61 IGLV 7-43 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGLV 1-51 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV1-8 IGLV 9-49 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGLV 2-14 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGLV 1-44 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGLV 3-21 0.05 IGHV1-24 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV1-3 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV3-49 IGLV 2-14 0.05 IGHV3-49 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV3-49 IGLV 2-23 0.05 IGHV3-49 IGLV 2-8 0.05 IGHV4-28 IGLV 2-14 0.05 IGHV3-43 IGLV 2-14 0.05 IGHV3-43 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV3-43 IGLV 3-1 0.05 IGHV3-43 IGLV 1-36 0.05 IGHV3-43 IGLV 9-49 0.05 IGHV3-64 IGLV 2-14 0.05 IGHV3-64 IGLV 7-43 0.05 IGHV7-81 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV3-13 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV3-13 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV3-72 IGLV 1-51 0.05 IGHV3-72 IGLV 4-69 0.05 IGHV3-73 IGLV 1-40 0.05 IGHV3-73 IGLV 1-51 0.05 IGHV3-73 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV3-73 IGLV 2-11 0.05 IGHV3-73 IGLV 6-57 0.05 IGHV1-58 IGLV 2-14 0.05 IGHV3-66 IGLV 1-44 0.05 IGHV3-66 IGLV 1-47 0.05 IGHV3-66 IGLV 3-25 0.05 IGHV4-30.2 IGLV 3-21 0.05 IGHV7-4.1 IGLV 1-51 0.05 IGHV3-20 IGLV 2-14 0.05 “pos”: represents the position of relative ranking of the VH/VL pairs as determined by the percentage (%) of each VH/VL pair from the total pooled data. N = 2137 B cells

Example 5 Generation of Germline Genes for Functional Analysis

As a next step, the VH, Vλ, and Vκ germline genes selected for combination and subsequent testing, as shown in Table 5, were sent to Geneart (Regensburg, Germany) for codon optimization respective to E. coli expression (neutral to mammalian expression with no rare human codons), gene optimization to remove potential inhibitory or splice motifs and synthesis.

The germline protein sequences of each of the VH, Vλ, and Vκ germline genes are shown in FIGS. 6-8. Each germline gene sequence was synthesized as follows:

a) for VH: leader sequence (modified phoA signal sequence incorporating a NheI restriction site as shown in Table 1); germline FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2 and FR3 (incorporating a BssHII restriction site (GCGCGC) as shown in FIG. 1); CDR-H3 (WGGDGFYAMDY) (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the 4D5 antibody as used in Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553; and the JH4 FR4 (incorporating a XhoI (CTCGAG) restriction site as shown in FIG. 1);

b) for Vk: leader sequence (modified ompA signal sequence incorporating the NdeI restriction site as shown in Table 2); germline FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2 and FR3 (incorporating a BbsI restriction site (GAAGAC) as shown in FIG. 1), kappa-like CDR-L3 (QQHYTTPPT) (SEQ ID NO: 2) according to Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553; and the Jk1 FR4 (incorporating a KpnI/Acc65I RE site (GGTACC) as shown in FIG. 1);

c) for Vλ: leader sequence (modified ompA signal sequence incorporating the NdeI restriction site as shown in Table 2); germline FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2 and FR3 (incorporating a BbsI restriction site (GAAGAC) as shown in FIG. 1), lambda-like CDR-L3 (QSYDSSLSGVV) (SEQ ID NO: 3) according to Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553; and the JI2/3 FR4 (incorporating a KpnI/Acc65I RE site (GGTACC) as shown in FIG. 1).

Example 6 Functional Testing of Germline Protein Pairs Representative of the Human Immune Repertoire

The 400 Germline protein pairs were then inserted into phage display, E. Coli and mammalian expression vectors either in Fab or human IgG1 format and then tested for the following properties: a) relative display after phage production and phage ELISA in Fab format; b) relative Fab expression yield after Fab production in E. coli, E. coli cell lysis and ELISA detection of produced Fab; c) temperature stability of Fab after Fab production in E. coli, E. coli cell lysis and ELISA detection of non-denatured Fab after incubation at increased temperatures; d) bovine/mouse serum stability of Fab from E. coli lysates by ELISA detection of non-denatured Fab after incubation in bovine/mouse serum; e) relative human IgG1 expression yield after IgG1 production in mammalian cells and ELISA detection of secreted IgG1 from cell culture supernatants; and f) bovine serum stability of human IgG1 by ELISA detection of non-denatured IgG after incubation in bovine/mouse serum.

Example 6.1 Generation of Fab Pool Displayed on Phage for Functional Characterization

The antibody or antibody fragments synthesized in Example 5, shown in Table 5, were cloned into the tricistronic Fab display vector pJPd1 (FIG. 9) for functional testing. Fab pools were generated that contained combinations of each of the master genes, the 20 VH, combined with the 8 Vλ and 12 Vκ, yielding the 400 combinations shown in Table 6.

Phage comprising the above gene pairs were produced in a small scale using 96 well plates. A master plate was generated by filling each of the wells with 2xYT/CAM/TET/Gluc medium and inoculating with clones from the 400 VH/VL combinations wherein pMORPH30_Vk3-11_AQA/VH3-23_TKA or pMORPH30_Vk3-11_AYA/VH3-23_VLA (pMORPH30 is shown in FIG. 12) were used as a control. The plates were incubated overnight at 37° C. while shaking. The master plates were stored in a final concentration of 15% glycerol, and frozen at −80° C.

Additional 96 well plates were produced for phage production using 2xYT/CAM/TET/Gluc as medium and inoculated with clones from the master plates described above. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for ˜2-4 h while shaking at 400 rpm, until an OD600 nm of ˜0.5 was reached.

The plates were infected with 5 μl helper phage per well (Hyperphage; PROGEN; 1×1012 pfu/ml). The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 45 min without shaking and then for 60 min while shaking at 400 rpm. The bacteria were spun down at 2200 g for 5 min at 4° C.

The helper phage containing supernatants were discarded and the infected E. coli pellets were re-suspended with 2xYT/Cam/TET/Kan/IPTG without glucose. The re-suspended pellets were transferred into a new 96 deep well plate pre-filled with 2xYT/Cm/TET/Kan/IPTG. The plates were incubated overnight at 22° C., while shaking. The phage containing supernatants were harvested by spinning down and discarding E. coli cells and debris.

Example 6.2 Evaluation of Fab Phage Display Ranking Using ELISA

The phage supernatants prepared as described in Example 6.1 were used for Fab phage display ranking in phage ELISAs. Display of the Fab fragments was evaluated in a phage ELISA using two different capture antibodies:

(1) The anti-M13 antibody (Amersham #27-9420-01) was used for capture of phage particles via the major coat protein g8p; therefore, phage titer can be determined. (2) An anti-Fd antibody (The Binding Site #PC075) was used, which binds to the displayed Fab; therefore, only phage displaying Fabs comprising the master genes, are captured.

The respective capture antibodies were immobilized on black 96-well Maxisorp™ plates by dispensing 100 μl antibody solution at a concentration of 7.5 μg/ml for the anti-M13 antibody and a 1.0 μg/ml concentration for the anti-Fd antibody into different wells, sealing the plate with laminated foil and incubating overnight at 4° C. The next day, the plates were washed twice with TBST, and each well was blocked with 300 μl CTBST for 1 h at room temperature.

Both the phage supernatants and reference samples were transferred for detection as follows. The blocked ELISA plates were washed twice with TBST. 100 μl of appropriately diluted phage supernatants in CTBST was transferred from the dilution plates to the coated ELISA plates, incubated for 1-2 h at room temperature, and washed 5× with TBST. 100 μl/well of anti-M13 peroxidase conjugate (Amersham) diluted 1:5000 in CTBST was added, and incubated for 1-2 h at room temperature. The Quanta Blu (Pierce) working solution was prepared by mixing 1 part (e.g. 0.5 ml) peroxide solution with 9 parts (e.g. 4.5 ml) substrate solution and equilibrating it to room temperature for at least 30 min. The ELISA plates were washed 5× with TBST, 100 μl/well of the Quanta Blu working solution was added. The fluorescence was measured after an incubation time of ˜2 min (excitation: 320 nm, emission: 430 nm) and subsequently at intervals of 5 min.

The evaluation of the ELISA data was completed as follows: calibration curves were created by using a HuCAL GOLD reference phage preparation (VH3 kappa+lambda) and the titers of the phage supernatants and controls were calculated. For each sample, the titer on anti-Fd was divided by the titer on anti-M13 (anti-pVIII), the resulting ratio is the relative display rate. Table 12 shows the relative display rates for most of the 400 Germline protein pairs.

Example 6.3 Screening ELISA of 400 VH/VL Combinations to Determine the Fab Expression Yield in E. coli Lysates

Masterplates (MP) were inoculated by picking clones transformed by pools of VH/VL combinations in the Fab expression vector pJPx1 (shown in FIG. 10) into 2YT/Cam/1% Gluc medium per well. These plates were incubated at 37° C. over night while shaking. Expression plates (EP) were inoculated with 2.5 μl of the cultures from MPs into 2YT/Cam/0.1% Glucose per well. Controls (see Table 8) were inoculated from glycerol stocks. These plates were incubated for 6 hours at 37° C. and shaking, then Fab expression was induced by adding IPTG and incubated at 22° C. over night while shaking. E. coli cell lysates were produced by adding boric/acid/EDTA/lysozyme-buffer to the EPs (1 h incubation at 22° C., shaking), and bacterial lysates were subsequently blocked with 12.5% MPBST, shaking at least for 30 min at room temperature. E. coli lysates from expression plates were diluted appropriately in 0.5% MPBS and used in the following assay.

Table 7 shows the unlabeled coating antibodies and AP-labeled detection antibodies which were used.

TABLE 7 MOR Name Label Host Antibody Company Number Concentration Dilution Lot Coating Ab 15 unlabeled sheep anti-Human Binding pc075 12.1 mg/ml 1:1000 236366, Exp IgG (Fd) Site 2009/10 detection Ab AP27 AP mouse anti-FlagM2 Sigma A9469  1.1 mg/ml 1:5000 048K6143, new lot

Table 8 describes the controls used.

TABLE 8 # Construct name 3 pMx11_FH VH1-69 VLA_Vl1-40 AYA 5 pMx11_FH VH3-23 VLA_Vk3-11 AYA empty pMx9_APStuffer_FHClone1 BEL (not containing Fab molecules!)

The screening ELISA comprised the following steps: Coating 384 wells of a MaxiSorp plate with anti-human IgG Fd specific antibodies diluted in PBS, and incubating over night at 4° C. The next day, the plates were washed 2× with PBST and blocked by adding (5% Milkpowder in PBS) to each well and incubating for 1-2 h at RT, while shaking. Then the plates were washed again with PBST, and preblocked E. coli-lysates, diluted in 0.5% MPBS, were added and incubated for 1 h while shaking at RT. Also the controls #3 and #5, were added. The plates were then washed with PBST and the AP-labeled detection antibody was diluted in 0.5% MPBS. The diluted detection antibody was added and then incubated for 1 h at RT while shaking gently. The signal was identified by the following: washing the wells with TBST and adding 20 μl of AttoPhos (1:5 diluted in ddH2O), and reading at 5 min and 7-8 min using Tecan (infiniTe F200), program PrimeScreen.

Relative Fab expression yields are calculated by dividing the ELISA signal of the respective VH/VL pair through the ELISA signal of the reference Fab pMx11_FH VH1-69 VLA_VI1-40 AYA. Thereby equally high ELISA signals result in a relative Fab expression yield of 1. The reference Fab is expressed in a pMORPHX11 plasmids (shown in FIG. 11) comprising a) the modified phoA heavy chain signal sequence comprising the C-terminal NheI restriction site; b) the modified ompA light chain signal sequence comprising the C-terminal NdeI restriction site; c) the variable heavy germline protein sequences of the VH1-69*01 germline gene as shown in FIG. 6A, d) the variable light germline protein sequences of the IGLV1-40 germline gene as shown in FIG. 8A; e) incorporating the CDR-H3 (WGGDGFYAMDY) (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the hu4D5-8 antibody, and the JH4 germline protein sequence for heavy chain FR4; f) incorporating the CDR-L3 region (QSYDSSLSGVV) (SEQ ID NO: 3) and the JI2/3 germline protein sequence for light chain FR4. The hu4D5-8 is described in Carter P. et al. (1992) “Humanization of an anti-p185Her2 antibody for human cancer therapy” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 4285-4289) and Ewert S. et al., J. Mol. Biol. (2003) 325, 531-553. All genes were generated at Geneart (Regensburg, Germany). The results are shown in Table 12.

Example 6.4 Screening ELISA of 400 VH/VL Combinations to Determine the Temperature Stability of Fab in BEL Lysates

Expression plates were generated as in Example 6.3. Diluted E. coli lysates from expression plates were incubated at different temperatures for 45 minutes and used in the following assay. Table 9 shows the unlabeled coating antibodies and AP-labeled detection antibodies which were used.

TABLE 9 MOR Name Label Host Antibody Company Number Concentration Dilution Lot coating Ab 57 unlabeled Mouse monoclonal Anti poly R&D MAB050 500 μg/ml 1:250 AEJ1708111 Histidine Antibody IgG1 Systems (anti 6x-Histidine); polypeptides containing a polyhistidine tag detection Ab AP30 AP goat anti-human kappa light chains Sigma A3813  2.3 mg/ml 1:2300 018K6069 detection Ab AP5 AP goat anti-human lambda light Sigma A2904  0.8 mg/ml 1:800 096K6030 chains

The screening ELISA comprised the following steps: 384 wells of a MaxiSorp plate were coated with coating antibody (see table above) diluted in PBS. The plates were incubated over night at 4° C. The next day, the plates were washed with PBST and blocked by adding 5% MPBS to each well and incubated for 1-2 h at RT while shaking. Then the diluted E. coli lysates from the expression plates were distributed into four 96 well PCR-plates (each about 40 μl) and exposed to different temperatures (4° C. (on ice), 60° C., 70° C., 80° C. and then on ice) in a PCR-Cycler, each temperature for 45 min. The blocked 384 well plates were washed with PBST, then the pre-incubated Fab lysates, were added to the plates. The plates were then incubated 1 h at RT while shaking. The plates were washed with PBST, the AP-labeled detection antibodies were diluted in 0.5% MPBS. 20 μl/well of the diluted detection antibodies were added and incubated for 1 h at RT while shaking gently. The signal was identified by the following: washing the wells with TBST and adding AttoPhos (1:5 diluted in ddH2O) to all wells. The signal was read at different timepoints (5 min to 10 min) using Tecan (infiniTe F200), program PimeScreen. The results are shown in Table 12.

Example 6.5 Screening ELISA of 400 VH/VL Combinations to Determine the Serum Stability of Fab in E. coli Lysates

Expression plates were generated as in Example 6.3. The Fab containing E. coli lysates were diluted and incubated in bovine and mouse serum using the following steps: E. coli lysates from the expression plates were diluted in 50% serum (total volume of 100 μl), 1:1000 Cam was added to prevent growth of bacteria, and the lysates were split into two 96 well plates and both plates were frozen. The first plate was thawed and incubated at 37° C. for 12-13 days. The second plate was stored at −80° C. until performing the ELISA (0 days incubation at 37° C.). Table 10 shows the unlabeled coating antibodies and AP-labeled detection antibodies which were used.

TABLE 10 MOR Name Label Host Antibody Company Number Concentration Dilution Lot coating Ab 36 Fab Goat anti-Human IgG (H + L) Jackson 109-006-088 1.3 mg/ml 1:1000 80299 Immuno Research detection Ab AP30 AP goat anti-human kappa light chains Sigma A3813 2.3 mg/ml 1:2300 018K6069 detection Ab AP5 AP Goat anti-Human lambda-light Sigma A2904 0.8 mg/ml 1:800 096K6030 chain; bound + free

On day 11 or 12, the 384 wells of a MaxiSorp plate were coated with 20 μl coating antibody diluted in PBS. The plates were incubated over night at 4° C. The following day, the plates were washed with PBST and blocked by adding 5% MPBS to each well and incubating for 1-2 h at RT while shaking. Then the blocked 384 well plates were washed with PBST. E. coli lysates in serum from the −80° C. and 37° C. samples were transferred to the coated ELISA plates and incubated for 1 hour at RT while shaking. The plates were washed with PBST, and the AP-labeled detection antibodies were diluted in 0.5% MPBS. AP-labeled detection antibody was added and the plate was incubated for 1 h at RT while shaking. The signal was identified by the following: washing the wells with TBST and adding AttoPhos (1:5 diluted in ddH2O) to all wells. The signal was read at different timepoints (5 min to 10 min) using Tecan (infiniTe F200), program PrimeScreen. The results of the bovine serum stability testing are shown in FIG. 19. The results of the mouse serum stability testing are shown in Table 12.

Example 7 Generation of Human IgG1 for Evaluation of Biophysical Properties

For generation of the 400 IgG1 germline protein pairs, the 20 variable region heavy chain genes were sub-cloned into the human IgG1 expression vector pJP_hIgG1f shown in FIG. 13. In parallel the 12 variable region kappa genes were sub-cloned into the mammalian kappa light chain expression vector pJP_hIgkappa shown in FIG. 14 and the 8 variable region lambda genes were sub-cloned into the mammalian lambda light chain expression vector pJP_hIglambda2 shown in FIG. 15.

By co-transfection of each, a heavy chain and a light chain expression plasmid for all 400 VH/VL pairs can be produced separately by only cloning 40 expression constructs. Thus HEK.EBNA cells were co-transfected with all 20 heavy chain constructs and all 20 of the light chain expression constructs. Human IgG1 was harvested or detected several days post transfection from the cell culture supernatants.

Example 7.1 IgG1 Expression Ranking

One of the criteria for the selection of the VH/VL pairings to be included in a collection is the level of expression of the 400 different VH/VL pairings in the IgG1 format. The expression level of each VH/VL pairing in human IgG1 format was assessed by sandwich ELISA. Therefore, HEK.EBNA cells were transfected with all 400 VH/VL combinations in human IgG1 format and expressed in small scale. The cell culture supernatants were harvested after few days and IgG levels assessed.

The following procedure was performed. 384-well MaxiSorp™ plates were coated with Fcγ-pan R10Z8E9 mouse anti-human IgG at 2.5 μg/ml in PBS. The plates were incubated overnight at 4° C. The plates were washed with PBST. The plates were blocked with 5% BSA or 1× Chemiblocker in PBST and incubated for 1 h at room temperature while shaking and again washed with PBST. The IgG expression supernatants were diluted in 2.5% BSA-PBST and the diluted samples were added to the blocked and washed ELISA plate. The following controls were used: empty supernatant and supernatants with a low expressing antibody, moderate expressing antibody and a high expressing antibody. The plates were incubated for 2 h at room temperature while shaking. The plates were then washed with TBST. Appropriately diluted Fcγ-pan R10Z8E9 mouse anti-human IgG Biotin conjugate in 1% BSA-TBST was added. The plates were incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The plates were washed with TBST. Streptavidin-AP diluted 1:2000 in 0.5% BSA-TBST was added and the plates were incubated for 1 h at room temperature while shaking. The plates were washed with TBST. AttoPhos™ fluorescence substrate (prepared according to manufacturer's instructions) diluted in TBST directly before use was added. After 5 and 10 min, the fluorescence was measured via Tecan microplate reader.

Relative IgG1 expression yields were calculated by dividing the ELISA signal of the respective VH/VL pair through the ELISA signal of the reference IgG1 MOR03080 (shown in Table 11). Thereby equally high ELISA signals result in a relative IgG1 expression yield level of 1.

TABLE 11 The amino acid sequence of MOR03080 is as follows: 03080 Variable heavy chain with CDRs in bold:   (1) QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYGMHWVRQAPGK GLEWVSN  (51) IYSDGSNTFY ADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYY CARNM (101) YRWPFHYFFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 61) 03080 Variable light chain with CDRs in bold   (1) DIELTQPPSV SVAPGQTARISCSGDNIGNKYVSWYQQKPGQAPVV VIYGD  (51) NNRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDEADYYCSSYDSSYF VFGGG (101) TKLTVLGQ (SEQ ID NO: 62)

The results are shown in Table 12. The sequences of the Fc portion are shown in FIGS. 48, 50-51.

Example 7.2 IgG1 Serum Stability Ranking

One of the criteria for the selection of the variable heavy and variable light chain pairings to be included in a collection is the serum stability of the 400 different variable heavy and variable light chain pairings in IgG1 format. Serum stability of each IgG antibody supernatant was assessed by incubation in 50% mouse serum for 14 days and subsequent sandwich ELISA with mouse anti-human IgG (CH2) clone R10Z8E9. Again all 400 VH/VL combinations in human IgG1 format were transfected into HEK.EBNA cells and expressed in small scale. The cell culture supernatants were harvested after few days and the IgGs in the supernatant tested for serum stability.

The following procedure was performed. 384-well MaxiSorp™ plate were coated with Fcγ-pan R10Z8E9 mouse anti-human IgG at 2.5 μg/ml in PBS. The plates were incubated overnight at 4° C. The plates were washed with PBST and then blocked with 5% BSA-PBST or 1× Chemiblocker for 1 h at room temperature while shaking. The plates were washed with PBST. The IgG1 containing cell culture supernatants were diluted a) in 2.5% BSA-PBST and b) in 50% mouse serum and incubated at 37° C. for at least 14 days and these samples were added to the blocked and washed ELISA plate. The following controls were used: empty supernatant and supernatants a low expressing antibody, a moderate expressing antibody, and a high expressing antibody. The plates were incubated for 2 h at room temperature while shaking. The plates were washed with TBST. Fcγ-pan R10Z8E9 mouse anti-human IgG Biotin conjugate diluted to 0.8 μg/ml in 1% BSA-TBST was added. The plates were incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The plates were washed with TBST. Streptavidin-AP diluted 1:2000 in 0.5% BSA-TBST was added. The plates were incubated for 1 h at room temperature while shaking. The plates were washed with TBST. AttoPhos™ fluorescence substrate (prepared according to manufacturer's instructions) diluted 1:5 in TBST directly before use was added. After 5 and 10 min, the fluorescence was measured via Tecan microplate reader. The results are shown in Table 12.

Example 8 Selection of the VH/VL Pairs with Favorable Bio-Physical Properties for Incorporation into Collection

Once the 400 germline protein pairs were tested for the following properties: a) relative display after phage production and phage ELISA in Fab format; b) relative Fab expression yield after Fab production in E. coli, E. coli cell lysis and ELISA detection of produced Fab; c) temperature stability of Fab after Fab production in E. coli, E. coli cell lysis and ELISA detection of non-denatured Fab after incubation at increased temperatures; d) bovine/mouse serum stability of Fab from E. coli lysates by ELISA detection of non-denatured Fab after incubation in bovine/mouse serum; e) relative human IgG1 expression yield after IgG1 production in mammalian cells and ELISA detection of secreted IgG1 from cell culture supernatants; and f) bovine serum stability of human IgG1 by ELISA detection of non-denatured IgG1 after incubation in bovine/mouse serum; then the next step was to select which VH/VL germline pairs were to be incorporated into the collection. The results of the functional testing for each VH/VL germline protein pairs are shown Table 12.

TABLE 12 Compilation of functional data for each of the 400 Germline protein pairs Fab Fab IgG1 Relative Fab Relative Fab stability in stability in Fab stability in Display Fab thermo- mouse bovine ranking- Relative IgG1 bovine No. VH VL (CysDisplay) expression stability serum serum value expression serum  1 hVH_1_2 hVK_1_05 0.1 0.0 bg U S 10 0.0 bg  2 hVH_1_2 hVK_1_06 0.1 0.2 60 S S 42 0.0 bg  3 hVH_1_2 hVK_1_09 0.0 0.0 bg U S 11 0.0 bg  4 hVH_1_2 hVK_1_12 0.0 0.0 bg S S 20 0.0 bg  5 hVH_1_2 hVK_1_16 0.1 0.0 bg S S 20 0.0 bg  6 hVH_1_2 hVK_1_17 0.0 0.0 bg S S 21 0.0 bg  7 hVH_1_2 hVK_1_27 0.0 0.1 bg S S 22 0.0 bg  8 hVH_1_2 hVK_1_39 0.0 0.0 bg S S 21 0.0 bg  9 hVH_1_2 hVK_2_30 0.0 bg S S 20 0.0 bg  10 hVH_1_2 hVK_3_11 0.0 0.0 bg S S 20 0.0 bg  11 hVH_1_2 hVK_3_15 0.0 0.0 bg U S 10 0.0 bg  12 hVH_1_2 hVK_3_20 0.0 bg S S 21 0.0 bg  13 hVH_1_2 hVL_1-40  0 0.3 bg  14 hVH_1_2 hVL_1-47 0.0 0.0  4 U U  2 0.0 bg  15 hVH_1_2 hVL_1-51 0.0 0.0  4 U U  0 0.4 bg  16 hVH_1_2 hVL_2-11 0.1 0.0  4 S S 22 0.3 bg  17 hVH_1_2 hVL_2-14 0.1 0.0  4 U U  0 0.1 bg  18 hVH_1_2 hVL_2-23 0.0 0.0  4 U U  0 0.0 bg  19 hVH_1_2 hVL_3-1 0.4 0.0  4 U U  1 0.0 bg  20 hVH_1_2 hVL_3-21 0.0 0.0  4 U U  0 0.0 bg  21 hVH_1_18 hVK_1_05 2.0 0.4 60 S S 54 0.4 S  22 hVH_1_18 hVK_1_06 0.6 0.5 60 S S 56 0.2 S  23 hVH_1_18 hVK_1_09  0 0.1 S  24 hVH_1_18 hVK_1_12 1.6 0.5 60 S S 56 0.1 bg  25 hVH_1_18 hVK_1_16 2.0  3 0.2 S  26 hVH_1_18 hVK_1_17 0.5 S S 38 0.3 S  27 hVH_1_18 hVK_1_27 1.2 0.4 70 S S 62 0.5 S  28 hVH_1_18 hVK_1_39 3.7 0.3 60 S S 53 0.1 S  29 hVH_1_18 hVK_2_30 1.9 0.5 60 S S 56 0.0 S  30 hVH_1_18 hVK_3_11 0.6 60 S S 56 0.0 S  31 hVH_1_18 hVK_3_15 2.6 0.5 70 S S 67 0.3 S  32 hVH_1_18 hVK_3_20 2.2 0.9 60 S S 72 0.0 S  33 hVH_1_18 hVL_1-40 2.4  4 0.5 S  34 hVH_1_18 hVL_1-47 0.8 60 S S 66 0.4 U  35 hVH_1_18 hVL_1-51  0 0.5 S  36 hVH_1_18 hVL_2-11 1.9  3 0.5 U  37 hVH_1_18 hVL_2-14 2.5 0.6 60 S S 64 0.5 U  38 hVH_1_18 hVL_2-23 4.3 0.7 60 S S 70 0.4 S  39 hVH_1_18 hVL_3-1 4.4 0.6 60 S S 65 0.2 U  40 hVH_1_18 hVL_3-21 3.4 0.6 60 S S 64 0.2 S  41 hVH_1_46 hVK_1_05 0.4 60 S S 51 0.9 S  42 hVH_1_46 hVK_1_06  0 0.9 S  43 hVH_1_46 hVK_1_09 3.0 0.6 60 S S 63 0.4 S  44 hVH_1_46 hVK_1_12 0.5 60 S S 55 0.2 S  45 hVH_1_46 hVK_1_16 1.3 0.6 60 S S 61 0.3 S  46 hVH_1_46 hVK_1_17 1.3  2 0.5 S  47 hVH_1_46 hVK_1_27  0 0.6 S  48 hVH_1_46 hVK_1_39 2.5 0.4 60 S S 55 0.5 S  49 hVH_1_46 hVK_2_30 0.2  4 U S 16 0.0 S  50 hVH_1_46 hVK_3_11  0 0.1 S  51 hVH_1_46 hVK_3_15 3.0 0.7 60 S S 68 0.4 S  52 hVH_1_46 hVK_3_20  0 0.1 S  53 hVH_1_46 hVL_1-40 1.0 60 S S 73 0.9 S  54 hVH_1_46 hVL_1-47  0 0.6 U  55 hVH_1_46 hVL_1-51 5.7 10 0.3 S  56 hVH_1_46 hVL_2-11 1.6  3 0.3 S  57 hVH_1_46 hVL_2-14  0 0.3 U  58 hVH_1_46 hVL_2-23 2.7 1.0 60 S S 79 0.3 S  59 hVH_1_46 hVL_3-1 4.3  7 0.4 S  60 hVH_1_46 hVL_3-21 5.2  9 0.3 S  61 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_1_05 2.1 0.5 60 S S 59 0.9 S  62 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_1_06 2.9  5 0.5 S  63 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_1_09 0.3 60 S U 37 0.4 S  64 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_1_12 2.1 0.4 60 S S 53 0.3 S  65 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_1_16 1.2  2 0.4 S  66 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_1_17 0.9 0.3  4 S S 31 0.3 S  67 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_1_27 0.2 0.3 70 S S 56 0.4 S  68 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_1_39 3.5 0.1  4 S S 31 0.4 U  69 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_2_30  0 0.0 S  70 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_3_11 0.7 60 S S 60 0.0 S  71 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_3_15 1.6 0.5 70 S S 66 0.5 S  72 hVH_1_69*01 hVK_3_20 0.5 60 S S 54 0.0 S  73 hVH_1_69*01 hVL_1-40 1.0 60 S S 72 0.2 S  74 hVH_1_69*01 hVL_1-47  0 0.2 U  75 hVH_1_69*01 hVL_1-51 0.8 60 S S 64 0.3 S  76 hVH_1_69*01 hVL_2-11 0.8 0.7 60 S S 65 0.2 S  77 hVH_1_69*01 hVL_2-14 0.8 60 S S 64 0.3 U  78 hVH_1_69*01 hVL_2-23 1.8  3 0.3 S  79 hVH_1_69*01 hVL_3-1 3.4 0.7 S S 52 0.2 S  80 hVH_1_69*01 hVL_3-21 4.6 0.7 60 S S 71 0.1 S  81 hVH_3_07 hVK_1_05 0.7 60 S S 63 0.9 U  82 hVH_3_07 hVK_1_06 0.9 60 S S 69 1.3 S  83 hVH_3_07 hVK_1_09 6.7 0.4 60 S S 50 1.5 S  84 hVH_3_07 hVK_1_12 10.6   0.9 70 S S 97 0.9 S  85 hVH_3_07 hVK_1_16 7.0 12 1.5 S  86 hVH_3_07 hVK_1_17 10.5  0.5  4 S S 40 0.9 S  87 hVH_3_07 hVK_1_27 14.5   0.5 70 S S 87 1.8 S  88 hVH_3_07 hVK_1_39 27.3  0.3 60 U S 85 1.2 S  89 hVH_3_07 hVK_2_30 13.0   0 0.3 S  90 hVH_3_07 hVK_3_11  0 0.4 S  91 hVH_3_07 hVK_3_15 14.5   0.7 70 S S 95 1.8 S  92 hVH_3_07 hVK_3_20  0 0.4 S  93 hVH_3_07 hVL_1-40 8.2 14 0.3 S  94 hVH_3_07 hVL_1-47 6.3 1.2 60 S S 90 0.8 U  95 hVH_3_07 hVL_1-51 1.0 60 S S 74 0.9 S  96 hVH_3_07 hVL_2-11  0 1.2 S  97 hVH_3_07 hVL_2-14 11.3  19 0.8 U  98 hVH_3_07 hVL_2-23 6.9 0.8 60 S S 76 0.7 S  99 hVH_3_07 hVL_3-1 5.0 0.5 60 S S 64 1.2 S 100 hVH_3_07 hVL_3-21 0.7 60 S S 61 0.3 S 101 hVH_3_11 hVK_1_05 5.5 0.5 60 S S 65 0.5 S 102 hVH_3_11 hVK_1_06 4.3 0.6 60 S S 64 1.4 S 103 hVH_3_11 hVK_1_09 6.7  0 0.9 S 104 hVH_3_11 hVK_1_12 8.2 0.6 60 S S 73 0.9 S 105 hVH_3_11 hVK_1_16 10.3   0.6 60 S U 61 1.2 S 106 hVH_3_11 hVK_1_17  0 0.9 S 107 hVH_3_11 hVK_1_27 6.0  0 1.7 S 108 hVH_3_11 hVK_1_39 29.0  50 1.8 S 109 hVH_3_11 hVK_2_30 0.4  4 S S 34 1.1 U 110 hVH_3_11 hVK_3_11 0.0  0 0.6 S 111 hVH_3_11 hVK_3_15 4.6 0.7 60 S S 68 1.6 S 112 hVH_3_11 hVK_3_20  0 0.2 S 113 hVH_3_11 hVL_1-40 12.4  21 0.3 S 114 hVH_3_11 hVL_1-47 8.1 0.8 60 S S 80 1.3 U 115 hVH_3_11 hVL_1-51 1.1 60 S S 77 1.9 S 116 hVH_3_11 hVL_2-11 8.4 14 1.1 S 117 hVH_3_11 hVL_2-14 6.4 0.9 60 S S 81 0.4 U 118 hVH_3_11 hVL_2-23 8.9 1.0 60 S S 88 0.4 S 119 hVH_3_11 hVL_3-1 0.5 60 S S 53 1.6 S 120 hVH_3_11 hVL_3-21 9.8 17 0.3 S 121 hVH_3_15 hVK_1_05 8.1 0.5 60 S S 68 0.4 S 122 hVH_3_15 hVK_1_06 11.7   0.6 60 S S 79 0.8 S 123 hVH_3_15 hVK_1_09 10.0   0.5 70 S S 80 0.9 S 124 hVH_3_15 hVK_1_12 11.5   0.7 70 S S 90 0.7 S 125 hVH_3_15 hVK_1_16 14.5   0.7 60 S S 86 1.5 S 126 hVH_3_15 hVK_1_17 6.4 0.6  4 U U 30 0.8 S 127 hVH_3_15 hVK_1_27 7.8 0.5 70 S S 77 1.7 S 128 hVH_3_15 hVK_1_39 14.2   0.4 60 S S 76 1.8 S 129 hVH_3_15 hVK_2_30 0.3  4 S U 23 0.6 S 130 hVH_3_15 hVK_3_11 19.4  33 0.8 S 131 hVH_3_15 hVK_3_15 12.1   0.6 70 S S 70 1.9 S 132 hVH_3_15 hVK_3_20 8.9  0 0.5 S 133 hVH_3_15 hVL_1-40 16.7   0.9 60 S S 98 0.1 S 134 hVH_3_15 hVL_1-47 13.0  1.2 60 S S 102  0.2 U 135 hVH_3_15 hVL_1-51 11.0   1.1 60 S S 94 0.9 S 136 hVH_3_15 hVL_2-11 10.5   0.9 60 S S 88 0.8 S 137 hVH_3_15 hVL_2-14 9.7 0.8 60 S S 83 0.9 U 138 hVH_3_15 hVL_2-23 10.1  17 0.4 S 139 hVH_3_15 hVL_3-1 9.4 0.3  4 S S 46 1.0 S 140 hVH_3_15 hVL_3-21 9.2 0.8 S S 65 0.2 S 141 hVH_3_21 hVK_1_05 10.0  17 0.8 S 142 hVH_3_21 hVK_1_06 16.1   1.0 60 S S 99 0.9 S 143 hVH_3_21 hVK_1_09  0 0.4 S 144 hVH_3_21 hVK_1_12 11.3   0.6 60 S S 77 0.5 S 145 hVH_3_21 hVK_1_16 0.9 60 S S 68 0.0 S 146 hVH_3_21 hVK_1_17 5.0  9 0.0 S 147 hVH_3_21 hVK_1_27 8.7 0.6 60 S S 78 0.5 S 148 hVH_3_21 hVK_1_39 11.6   0.5 60 S S 54 0.8 S 149 hVH_3_21 hVK_2_30 0.6  4 S S 44 0.1 U 150 hVH_3_21 hVK_3_11  0 0.2 S 151 hVH_3_21 hVK_3_15 0.8 60 S S 65 0.3 S 152 hVH_3_21 hVK_3_20  0 0.5 S 153 hVH_3_21 hVL_1-40 1.0 60 S S 72 0.5 S 154 hVH_3_21 hVL_1-47 0.0 1.2 60 S S 81 0.3 S 155 hVH_3_21 hVL_1-51  0 0.9 S 156 hVH_3_21 hVL_2-11 0.9 60 S S 68 0.7 S 157 hVH_3_21 hVL_2-14 6.5 0.9 60 S S 81 1.2 S 158 hVH_3_21 hVL_2-23 8.8 1.0 60 S S 90 0.9 S 159 hVH_3_21 hVL_3-1 0.7 60 S S 60 0.4 S 160 hVH_3_21 hVL_3-21 11.8  0.9 60 S S 88 0.1 S 161 hVH_3_23 hVK_1_05 0.8 60 S S 64 0.2 S 162 hVH_3_23 hVK_1_06 0.7 60 S S 61 0.2 S 163 hVH_3_23 hVK_1_09 6.1 0.8 70 S S 86 0.1 S 164 hVH_3_23 hVK_1_12 0.9 60 S S 68 0.1 S 165 hVH_3_23 hVK_1_16 8.4 0.6 60 S S 72 0.2 S 166 hVH_3_23 hVK_1_17 0.6  4 S U 31 0.1 S 167 hVH_3_23 hVK_1_27 17.1  29 0.2 S 168 hVH_3_23 hVK_1_39 10.8  19 0.3 S 169 hVH_3_23 hVK_2_30 4.1 0.3  4 S S 39 0.0 bg 170 hVH_3_23 hVK_3_11  0 0.0 bg 171 hVH_3_23 hVK_3_15 0.7 70 S S 73 0.4 S 172 hVH_3_23 hVK_3_20 13.3   0 0.2 S 173 hVH_3_23 hVL_1-40  0 0.1 S 174 hVH_3_23 hVL_1-47  0 0.1 S 175 hVH_3_23 hVL_1-51 10.2  1.1 60 S S 94 0.2 S 176 hVH_3_23 hVL_2-11 13.6  23 0.1 S 177 hVH_3_23 hVL_2-14 9.1 16 0.3 S 178 hVH_3_23 hVL_2-23 7.4 0.9 60 S S 82 0.3 S 179 hVH_3_23 hVL_3-1 4.6 0.4 60 S S 60 0.1 S 180 hVH_3_23 hVL_3-21 7.4 0.8 60 S S 78 0.1 S 181 hVH_3_30 hVK_1_05  0 0.7 S 182 hVH_3_30 hVK_1_06 1.0 60 S S 75 0.6 S 183 hVH_3_30 hVK_1_09  0 0.3 S 184 hVH_3_30 hVK_1_12 5.4 0.8 60 S S 73 0.3 S 185 hVH_3_30 hVK_1_16 0.9 60 S S 69 0.4 S 186 hVH_3_30 hVK_1_17  0 0.5 S 187 hVH_3_30 hVK_1_27 9.1 0.4 60 S U 38 0.5 S 188 hVH_3_30 hVK_1_39 13.1  0.0 bg U U 19 1.0 S 189 hVH_3_30 hVK_2_30 0.4  4 S U 23 0.1 bg 190 hVH_3_30 hVK_3_11 0.4 60 S S 50 0.1 S 191 hVH_3_30 hVK_3_15 0.7 60 S S 61 0.9 S 192 hVH_3_30 hVK_3_20 0.7 60 S S 63 0.4 S 193 hVH_3_30 hVL_1-40  0 0.8 S 194 hVH_3_30 hVL_1-47 1.1 60 S S 78 0.3 S 195 hVH_3_30 hVL_1-51  0 0.4 S 196 hVH_3_30 hVL_2-11 0.7 60 S S 62 0.4 S 197 hVH_3_30 hVL_2-14 0.8 60 S S 66 1.0 S 198 hVH_3_30 hVL_2-23 9.5 1.0 60 S S 89 0.5 S 199 hVH_3_30 hVL_3-1 8.8 0.6 60 S S 73 0.5 S 200 hVH_3_30 hVL_3-21 16.6  0.8 60 S S 93 0.2 S 201 hVH_3_33 hVK_1_05 0.3 60 S S 46 0.0 S 202 hVH_3_33 hVK_1_06  0 0.6 S 203 hVH_3_33 hVK_1_09 0.7 60 S S 60 0.2 S 204 hVH_3_33 hVK_1_12 0.2 60 S U 34 0.2 S 205 hVH_3_33 hVK_1_16  0 0.4 S 206 hVH_3_33 hVK_1_17  0 0.5 S 207 hVH_3_33 hVK_1_27 0.6 60 S S 57 0.2 S 208 hVH_3_33 hVK_1_39  0 0.8 S 209 hVH_3_33 hVK_2_30  0 0.3 S 210 hVH_3_33 hVK_3_11  0 0.6 S 211 hVH_3_33 hVK_3_15 12.3   0.6 60 S S 77 0.9 S 212 hVH_3_33 hVK_3_20 1.0 60 S S 72 0.3 S 213 hVH_3_33 hVL_1-40  0 1.0 S 214 hVH_3_33 hVL_1-47 1.1 60 S S 77 0.4 S 215 hVH_3_33 hVL_1-51  0 0.6 S 216 hVH_3_33 hVL_2-11 0.5 60 S S 54 0.5 S 217 hVH_3_33 hVL_2-14 0.9  4 S S 53 0.9 S 218 hVH_3_33 hVL_2-23 17.1   0.5 60 S S 82 0.5 S 219 hVH_3_33 hVL_3-1 0.2 60 S S 44 0.7 S 220 hVH_3_33 hVL_3-21 0.8 60 S S 67 0.5 S 221 hVH_3_48 hVK_1_05  0 0.6 S 222 hVH_3_48 hVK_1_06  0 0.7 S 223 hVH_3_48 hVK_1_09  0 0.2 S 224 hVH_3_48 hVK_1_12  0 0.3 S 225 hVH_3_48 hVK_1_16 8.7 15 0.5 S 226 hVH_3_48 hVK_1_17  0 0.5 S 227 hVH_3_48 hVK_1_27 8.9 0.7 60 S S 74 0.9 S 228 hVH_3_48 hVK_1_39  0 0.5 S 229 hVH_3_48 hVK_2_30  0 0.3 S 230 hVH_3_48 hVK_3_11  0 0.7 S 231 hVH_3_48 hVK_3_15 12.1  21 0.3 S 232 hVH_3_48 hVK_3_20 0.8 60 S S 65 0.4 S 233 hVH_3_48 hVL_1-40 0.8 S S 51 0.6 S 234 hVH_3_48 hVL_1-47 10.3  18 0.4 S 235 hVH_3_48 hVL_1-51 1.2 60 S S 80 0.7 S 236 hVH_3_48 hVL_2-11  0 0.6 S 237 hVH_3_48 hVL_2-14  0 0.6 S 238 hVH_3_48 hVL_2-23 9.3 16 0.5 S 239 hVH_3_48 hVL_3-1 6.0 0.8 S S 61 0.5 S 240 hVH_3_48 hVL_3-21  0 0.3 S 241 hVH_3_53 hVK_1_05 11.1  0.7  4 U S 60 0.8 S 242 hVH_3_53 hVK_1_06 0.7 60 S S 63 0.7 S 243 hVH_3_53 hVK_1_09 8.3 0.9 60 S S 83 0.4 S 244 hVH_3_53 hVK_1_12 14.8   0.7 60 S S 60 0.2 S 245 hVH_3_53 hVK_1_16 10.7  0.0 bg bg U 20 0.3 S 246 hVH_3_53 hVK_1_17 2.9 0.5  4 S S 42 0.5 S 247 hVH_3_53 hVK_1_27 6.9 0.4 60 S S 62 0.2 S 248 hVH_3_53 hVK_1_39 0.6 60 S S 56 0.2 S 249 hVH_3_53 hVK_2_30 1.3 0.3  4 S S 32 0.0 bg 250 hVH_3_53 hVK_3_11 0.8 60 S S 64 0.3 S 251 hVH_3_53 hVK_3_15 9.6 0.7 60 S S 63 0.5 S 252 hVH_3_53 hVK_3_20 0.3  4 S S 32 0.3 S 253 hVH_3_53 hVL_1-40 1.1  4 S S 60 1.1 S 254 hVH_3_53 hVL_1-47 1.1 60 S S 79 0.2 S 255 hVH_3_53 hVL_1-51 6.4 1.3 60 S S 96 0.4 S 256 hVH_3_53 hVL_2-11 7.2 0.8 60 S S 78 0.3 S 257 hVH_3_53 hVL_2-14 1.0 60 S S 75 0.8 S 258 hVH_3_53 hVL_2-23 6.3 1.1 60 S S 86 0.6 S 259 hVH_3_53 hVL_3-1 5.1 0.6 60 S S 67 0.5 S 260 hVH_3_53 hVL_3-21 0.8 60 S S 66 0.5 S 261 hVH_3_73 hVK_1_05 0.4 0.2 60 S S 45 1.1 S 262 hVH_3_73 hVK_1_06 0.3 0.2 60 S S 45 1.0 S 263 hVH_3_73 hVK_1_09 0.3 0.1 60 S S 39 0.9 S 264 hVH_3_73 hVK_1_12 0.3 0.1 60 S S 38 0.5 S 265 hVH_3_73 hVK_1_16 0.3 0.2 60 S S 44 1.1 S 266 hVH_3_73 hVK_1_17 0.1  0 1.0 S 267 hVH_3_73 hVK_1_27 3.6 0.1  4 S S 24 0.9 S 268 hVH_3_73 hVK_1_39 0.2 0.2  4 S S 27 0.8 S 269 hVH_3_73 hVK_2_30 0.1 bg S S 22 0.3 S 270 hVH_3_73 hVK_3_11 0.5  0 0.2 S 271 hVH_3_73 hVK_3_15 0.2 0.1 60 S S 39 0.1 S 272 hVH_3_73 hVK_3_20  0 1.1 S 273 hVH_3_73 hVL_1-40 0.1 60 S S 40 1.2 S 274 hVH_3_73 hVL_1-47 0.0 0.3  4 S S 31 0.8 S 275 hVH_3_73 hVL_1-51 0.3 0.2 60 S S 44 0.7 S 276 hVH_3_73 hVL_2-11 0.2 0.2  4 S S 26 0.8 S 277 hVH_3_73 hVL_2-14  0 0.4 S 278 hVH_3_73 hVL_2-23 0.8  1 0.1 S 279 hVH_3_73 hVL_3-1 0.0 0.1 60 S S 39 1.0 S 280 hVH_3_73 hVL_3-21 0.4 0.2 60 S S 43 1.1 S 281 hVH_3_74 hVK_1_05 6.4 11 0.6 S 282 hVH_3_74 hVK_1_06 9.5 0.9 60 S S 86 1.0 S 283 hVH_3_74 hVK_1_09 8.7 0.6 60 S S 74 0.5 S 284 hVH_3_74 hVK_1_12 8.4 0.6 60 S S 74 0.0 S 285 hVH_3_74 hVK_1_16 8.0 11 0.8 S 286 hVH_3_74 hVK_1_17 0.6 60 S S 58 0.2 S 287 hVH_3_74 hVK_1_27 5.0 0.6 70 S S 77 1.1 S 288 hVH_3_74 hVK_1_39 8.7 15 0.3 S 289 hVH_3_74 hVK_2_30 0.4 S S 37 0.7 S 290 hVH_3_74 hVK_3_11  0 0.1 S 291 hVH_3_74 hVK_3_15 10.0   0.8 70 S S 94 1.0 S 292 hVH_3_74 hVK_3_20 0.7 60 S S 62 0.6 S 293 hVH_3_74 hVL_1-40 8.8 0.4  4 S S 51 1.3 S 294 hVH_3_74 hVL_1-47 3.2 1.2 S S 72 0.6 S 295 hVH_3_74 hVL_1-51 7.1 1.1 60 S S 91 1.2 S 296 hVH_3_74 hVL_2-11 0.6 60 S S 59 0.8 S 297 hVH_3_74 hVL_2-14 4.7  8 0.6 S 298 hVH_3_74 hVL_2-23  0 1.0 S 299 hVH_3_74 hVL_3-1 7.0 0.6 60 S S 70 0.3 S 300 hVH_3_74 hVL_3-21 1.8 0.6 60 S S 60 0.3 S 301 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_1_05 0.8 60 S S 67 0.6 S 302 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_1_06 0.8 60 S S 64 1.1 S 303 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_1_09 4.5 0.1 bg S S 30 0.6 S 304 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_1_12 0.7 60 S S 61 0.8 S 305 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_1_16 3.2 0.2 60 S S 48 0.4 S 306 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_1_17 0.4  4 S S 34 0.8 S 307 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_1_27 0.4 60 S S 48 0.9 S 308 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_1_39 0.2 bg S S 26 1.0 S 309 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_2_30 0.3 0.5  4 S S 38 0.2 U 310 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_3_11 0.6 bg S S 43 0.3 S 311 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_3_15 0.6 60 S S 58 1.1 S 312 hVH_4_04*03 hVK_3_20 1.1 60 S U 65 1.1 S 313 hVH_4_04*03 hVL_1-40 1.0 60 S S 75 0.9 S 314 hVH_4_04*03 hVL_1-47 8.3 14 0.4 S 315 hVH_4_04*03 hVL_1-51 0.9 60 S S 71 0.6 S 316 hVH_4_04*03 hVL_2-11 1.0 60 S S 73 0.7 S 317 hVH_4_04*03 hVL_2-14 0.7 60 S S 63 0.4 S 318 hVH_4_04*03 hVL_2-23 2.7 1.0 60 S S 77 0.7 S 319 hVH_4_04*03 hVL_3-1 2.2 0.6 60 S S 63 1.3 S 320 hVH_4_04*03 hVL_3-21 5.2 0.7 60 S S 69 0.5 S 321 hVH_4_31 hVK_1_05 0.0 bg S S 21 0.0 bg 322 hVH_4_31 hVK_1_06  0 0.2 bg 323 hVH_4_31 hVK_1_09 0.1  4 S S 23 0.6 S 324 hVH_4_31 hVK_1_12 0.1 60 S S 37 0.4 S 325 hVH_4_31 hVK_1_16 0.0 bg S S 20 0.0 bg 326 hVH_4_31 hVK_1_17 0.0 bg U bg  1 0.2 bg 327 hVH_4_31 hVK_1_27 0.0 bg S S 20 0.0 bg 328 hVH_4_31 hVK_1_39 0.8 60 S S 65 0.5 S 329 hVH_4_31 hVK_2_30 0.0 bg S S 20 0.0 bg 330 hVH_4_31 hVK_3_11  0 0.0 bg 331 hVH_4_31 hVK_3_15 0.1 bg S S 24 0.1 S 332 hVH_4_31 hVK_3_20  0 0.4 S 333 hVH_4_31 hVL_1-40 0.0 0.6 60 S S 57 0.8 S 334 hVH_4_31 hVL_1-47 0.0 0.7 60 S S 62 0.1 S 335 hVH_4_31 hVL_1-51 0.9 60 S S 70 0.3 S 336 hVH_4_31 hVL_2-11 0.5 60 S S 55 0.2 S 337 hVH_4_31 hVL_2-14 0.0  0 0.5 S 338 hVH_4_31 hVL_2-23 0.0 60 S S 37 0.3 S 339 hVH_4_31 hVL_3-1 1.4 0.3 60 S S 50 1.3 S 340 hVH_4_31 hVL_3-21 0.4 60 S S 50 0.4 bg 341 hVH_4_39 hVK_1_05 0.0 0.3 60 S S 45 0.3 S 342 hVH_4_39 hVK_1_06 1.6  3 0.8 S 343 hVH_4_39 hVK_1_09 0.5  4 S S 37 0.7 S 344 hVH_4_39 hVK_1_12  0 0.9 S 345 hVH_4_39 hVK_1_16  0 0.5 S 346 hVH_4_39 hVK_1_17 0.7 0.3  4 S S 33 1.0 S 347 hVH_4_39 hVK_1_27  0 0.4 S 348 hVH_4_39 hVK_1_39 2.1 0.3 60 S S 48 1.2 S 349 hVH_4_39 hVK_2_30 0.2  4 S S 27 0.2 S 350 hVH_4_39 hVK_3_11 0.3 60 S S 48 0.2 S 351 hVH_4_39 hVK_3_15 0.6 70 S S 68 1.0 S 352 hVH_4_39 hVK_3_20 0.6 60 S 49 1.2 S 353 hVH_4_39 hVL_1-40 0.6 0.9 70 S S 81 1.1 S 354 hVH_4_39 hVL_1-47 0.7 70 S S 72 0.3 S 355 hVH_4_39 hVL_1-51 0.8 60 S S 65 0.5 S 356 hVH_4_39 hVL_2-11  0 0.3 S 357 hVH_4_39 hVL_2-14 2.0 0.6 60 S S 63 0.5 S 358 hVH_4_39 hVL_2-23 0.9 0.7 60 S S 62 0.4 S 359 hVH_4_39 hVL_3-1 3.6 0.5 60 S S 59 0.9 S 360 hVH_4_39 hVL_3-21 0.6 60 S S 57 0.6 S 361 hVH_5_51 hVK_1_05 0.5 60 S S 52 0.4 S 362 hVH_5_51 hVK_1_06 0.5 60 S S 54 0.9 S 363 hVH_5_51 hVK_1_09 2.6 0.5 60 S S 57 0.5 S 364 hVH_5_51 hVK_1_12 1.8  3 0.8 S 365 hVH_5_51 hVK_1_16 1.3  2 0.5 S 366 hVH_5_51 hVK_1_17 0.3  4 S S 32 0.6 S 367 hVH_5_51 hVK_1_27 0.4 0.2 60 S S 43 1.0 S 368 hVH_5_51 hVK_1_39 3.7 0.3 60 S S 51 1.2 S 369 hVH_5_51 hVK_2_30 0.9 0.2  4 S 19 0.7 S 370 hVH_5_51 hVK_3_11 1.0 60 S 62 0.6 S 371 hVH_5_51 hVK_3_15 1.9  3 1.2 S 372 hVH_5_51 hVK_3_20  0 1.1 S 373 hVH_5_51 hVL_1-40 1.0 60 S S 72 1.3 S 374 hVH_5_51 hVL_1-47 1.0 60 S S 73 0.8 S 375 hVH_5_51 hVL_1-51 1.1 60 S S 77 0.5 S 376 hVH_5_51 hVL_2-11 0.0 0.7 60 S S 63 0.3 S 377 hVH_5_51 hVL_2-14 2.1  4 0.8 S 378 hVH_5_51 hVL_2-23 3.0 1.0 60 S S 79 0.7 S 379 hVH_5_51 hVL_3-1 3.8 0.7 60 S S 67 1.3 S 380 hVH_5_51 hVL_3-21  0 0.7 S 381 hVH_6_1 hVK_1_05 0.7 60 S S 62 0.0 S 382 hVH_6_1 hVK_1_06 3.3 0.6 60 S S 64 1.2 S 383 hVH_6_1 hVK_1_09 5.9 10 1.3 S 384 hVH_6_1 hVK_1_12 1.5 0.0 bg U S 13 1.1 S 385 hVH_6_1 hVK_1_16  0 1.4 S 386 hVH_6_1 hVK_1_17 0.5 60 S S 54 1.3 S 387 hVH_6_1 hVK_1_27 0.5 70 S S 63 1.2 S 388 hVH_6_1 hVK_1_39 0.3 60 S S 45 1.1 S 389 hVH_6_1 hVK_2_30 0.3  4 S S 32 0.3 S 390 hVH_6_1 hVK_3_11  0 0.9 S 391 hVH_6_1 hVK_3_15 0.7 70 S S 70 1.3 S 392 hVH_6_1 hVK_3_20 0.9 60 S S 70 1.3 S 393 hVH_6_1 hVL_1-40 7.2 12 1.4 S 394 hVH_6_1 hVL_1-47 1.1 60 S S 75 0.2 S 395 hVH_6_1 hVL_1-51 1.1 60 S S 75 0.5 S 396 hVH_6_1 hVL_2-11 1.0 1.0 60 S S 73 0.2 S 397 hVH_6_1 hVL_2-14  0 0.4 S 398 hVH_6_1 hVL_2-23 2.1 0.8 60 S S 69 0.4 S 399 hVH_6_1 hVL_3-1 0.5 60 S S 55 1.4 S 400 hVH_6_1 hVL_3-21 0.4 0.8 60 S S 66 0.5 S Table 12 Key: For relative Fab display, relative Fab expression and relative IgG1 expression, the values illustrate the levels as compared to a control. Higher numbers indicate higher levels. For Fab thermostability, the numbers 60 and 70 indicate VH/VL pairs which are stable for 45 minutes at 60° C. or 70° C. at the tested conditions. The number 4 indicates temperature instable pairs and bg (background) indicates low expression levels. For Fab stability in mouse serum, Fab stability in bovine serum and IgG1 stability in bovine serum, S stands for stable, U for unstable, and bg for background, at the tested conditions.

As described in the previous examples, the predominant VH and VL germline genes and the predominant VH/VL germline gene pairs were identified from the human immune repertoire, then the predominant VH and VL germline protein sequences were analysed in silico in order to identify and select variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein sequences having favorable biophysical properties. As shown in Table 5, and FIGS. 2-3, generally, the top 20VH, top 8Vλ and top 12 Vκ were selected for synthesis, combination and subsequent functional analysis. The germline gene sequences were synthesized and then combined in order to generate 400 germline protein pairs that are representative of the abundant germline gene pairs expressed in the human immune repertoire. The 400 VH/VL germline protein pairs were tested for the following properties: a) relative display after phage production and phage ELISA in Fab format; b) relative Fab expression yield after Fab production in E. coli, E. coli cell lysis and ELISA detection of produced Fab; c) temperature stability of Fab after Fab production in E. coli, E. coli cell lysis and ELISA detection of non-denatured Fab after incubation at increased temperatures; d) bovine/mouse serum stability of Fab from E. coli lysates by ELISA detection of non-denatured Fab after incubation in bovine/mouse serum; e) relative human IgG1 expression yield after IgG1 production in mammalian cells and ELISA detection of secreted IgG1 from cell culture supernatants; and f) bovine serum stability of human IgG1 by ELISA detection of non-denatured IgG1 after incubation in bovine/mouse serum.

Using the data provided in Table 12, one of skill in the art could readily identify the germline protein pairs having favorable biophysical properties.

Generally, the germline protein pairs having a threshold value in each functional property were selected for incorporation in the collections. For example, in some embodiments, the germline protein pairs comprising all of the following properties were selected for incorporation into a collection: i) a relative display rate in Fab format comprising a value within the top 75% of Fabs sampled; ii) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 0.4 as compared to Fab VH1-69 VLA_VI1-40 AYA; iii) thermal stability at 60° C. or more for at least 45 minutes in Fab format; iv) stability in bovine or mouse serum in Fab format for greater than ten days at 37° C.; v) an expression yield in IgG format of at least 0.4 as compared to MOR03080; and vi) stability in serum in IgG format for fourteen days at 37° C. Table 32 shows in bold and underline the germline protein pairs comprising all of these functional properties.

As described above, however, germline protein pairs having one or more of the functional properties may be selected for incorporation into collections. Here, an aggregate ranking of the 400 germline protein pairs tested was created, so that each germline protein pair could be ranked against the other giving weight to each of the functional properties tested. This allowed the inventors to select one or more germline protein pairs having one or more or all of the listed functional properties. In some embodiments, the collections comprise all of the germline protein pairs having the above characteristics. In some embodiments, the collection comprises the germline protein pairs having the highest aggregate score of the 400 pairs tested. In some embodiments, the germline protein pairs having aggregate scores within the top 10%, top 20%, or top 30% of the 400 pairs tested were selected for incorporation into collections.

Example 9 Further Testing of ˜100 VH/VL Pairs

Of the 400 germline protein pairs tested above (results shown in Table 12), 95 were selected for further testing. The previous testing of the 400 germline protein pairs for display, expression yield, thermal and serum stability acted as a preliminary filter to remove the germline protein pairs that do not have characteristics thought to be favorable for therapeutic development. The goal was to select a sub-group of germline protein pairs having favorable developability characteristics, while at the same time maintaining a high level of diversity within a collection so that the collection can be used to identify developable candidates against any antigen.

Table 12 shows ˜60 bold and underlined germline protein pairs which met the thresholds of an embodiment of the disclosure. Of the 95 germline protein pairs selected for further testing, some were chosen because they met the previous criteria, and it was desirable to further test them. Others were chosen, despite not meeting certain thresholds, so that these pairs could be re-evaluated. Again, one of the goals of the present disclosure is to provide a diverse collection that is able to be used to identify antibodies or fragments against any antigen. The 95 germline protein pairs shown in FIGS. 16-24 were synthesized as described in Example 5. After synthesis and expression in Fab and IgG1 formats, the 95 germline protein pairs were further tested in both Fab and IgG1 formats for the following a) purified Fab expression yield in mg/L (expression culture), b) purified Fab monomeric content (% monomer), c) purified Fab thermal stability in ° C., d) purified IgG1 expression yield in mg/L (cell culture), e) purified IgG1 monomeric content (% monomer), f) purified IgG1 thermal stability in ° C., g) IgG1 isoelectric point and h) IgG stress testing with exposure to acid, including differential scanning fluorometry (DSF), absorption, dynamic light scattering and particle staining.

Example 9.1 Purified Fab Testing

Fab fragments representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs selected for further testing were expressed in E. coli and purified. Expression of Fab fragments in E. coli TG-1 F-cells was carried out in 500 ml cultures of 2xYT medium supplemented with 0.1% glucose and chloramphenicol. Cultures were shaken until the OD600 nm reached 0.5. Fab expression was induced by addition of IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside) and further over night cultivation. Cells were harvested and disrupted using lysozyme. His6-tagged (SEQ ID NO: 203) Fab fragments were isolated via IMAC (Bio-Rad, Munich, Germany) and eluted using imidazole. Buffer exchange to 1× Dulbecco's PBS (pH 7.2, Invitrogen, Darmstadt, Germany) was performed using PD10 columns (GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany). Samples were sterile filtered (0.2 μm).

Example 9.1.1 Purified Fab Expression Yield Determination

The protein concentrations of purified Fab fragments representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs were determined by UV-spectrophotometry (Nanodrop, peqlab, Erlangen, Germany). The extinction coefficient used was 1.538 mL/mg and measured absorbance at 280 nm. The results are shown in FIGS. 16-18.

Example 9.1.2 Purified Fab Thermal Stability Determination

The thermal stability of purified Fab fragments representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs were determined by differential scanning fluorometry (DSF). Differential scanning fluorometry (DSF) is a fluorescence dye based technique that monitors thermal unfolding (melting point) of a protein of interest. Changes in the fluorescence of a hydrophobic dye interacting with the hydrophobic amino acid side-chains of the unfolding protein are monitored over a temperature ramp.

The following materials were used: Sypro Orange fluorescent dye (Sigma, #S5692); iCycler iQ PCR Plates, 96-well (Biorad, #2239441); Microseal B Adhesive Sealer (Biorad #MSB-1001); 96-well Optical Pad (Biorad, #ADR3296); iCycler iQ5 Thermal cycler (Biorad) and Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA).

Diluted Sypro Orange was added to each well of a 96 well iCycler iQ PCR Plate, and the samples were tested at a final concentration of at least 0.1 mg/ml. The iCycler iQ5 Thermal cycler (Biorad) was used for testing. The temperature was scanned from 20° C. to 95° C. at a heating rate of 60° C./h, and the temperature of unfolding was calculated by analysis of the midpoint of the fluorescence transition. The results are shown in FIGS. 16-18 in the Purified Fab Thermafluor column.

Example 9.1.3 Purified Fab Separation by Size Exclusion Chromatography

The monomer contents (% monomer) of purified Fab fragments representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC was performed on an ÄKTA Purifier System (GE Healthcare Europe GmbH, Freiburg, Germany). For separation a Superdex75 HR 10/30 column was used (GE Healthcare Europe GmbH, Freiburg, Germany). For each sample 10 μl of protein was loaded onto the column, separation was performed at a flow rate of 0.05 ml/min and recorded analyzing the UV absorption at 260 and 280 nm. The running buffer was composed of Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA). The results are shown in FIGS. 16-18.

Example 9.2 IgG1 Expression and Purification

IgG1s representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs selected for further testing were expressed in HKB11 cells. Eukaryotic HKB11 cells were transfected with a 1:1 ratio of IgG heavy and light chain expression vector DNA. Cell culture supernatant was harvested on day 3 to 4 post transfection and subjected to protein A affinity chromatography (MabSelect SURE, GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany). Buffer exchange was performed with 1× Dulbcecco's PBS (pH 7.2, Invitrogen, Darmstadt, Germany) and samples were sterile filtered (0.2 μm pore size).

Example 9.2.1 Purified IgG1 Expression Yield Determination

The protein concentrations of purified IgG1s representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs were determined by UV-spectrophotometry (Nanodrop, peqlab, Erlangen, Germany). The extinction coefficient used was 1.369 mL/mg and measured absorbance at 280 nm. The results are shown in FIGS. 16-18.

Example 9.2.2 Purified IgG1 Thermal Stability Determination

IgG1 thermal stability of purified IgG1s was determined by differential scanning fluorometry (DSF) as described in method 9.1.2. The values shown for each IgG represent the unfolding events that take place within the variable regions of the IgG. The values representing unfolding of the Fc portion are not shown, as they are generally identical for each human IgG1. The results are shown in FIGS. 16-18.

Example 9.2.3 Purified IgG1 Separation by Size Exclusion Chromatography

The monomeric content (% monomer) of purified IgG1 representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). HP-SEC was performed on a Dionex UltiMate 3000 Titanium HPLC system (Dionex Corporation, Germering, Germany) in combination with Wyatt miniDAWN Treos and Wyatt Optilab rEX (Wyatt Technology Europe, Dernbach, Germany). For separation a Tosoh TSK-Gel G3000SWxl column was used (Tosoh Bioscience, Stuttgart, Germany). For each sample 15 μg of protein was loaded onto the column, separation was performed at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min and recorded analyzing the UV absorption at 280 nm. The running buffer was composed of Gibco D-PBS, pH 7.4 (Invitrogen, Paisley, USA). The results are shown in FIGS. 16-18.

Example 9.2.4 Purified IgG1 Isoelectric Point (pI) Calculation

The Isoelectric point of each germline protein pair in IgG1 format was calculated. Methods of determining the pI of a protein are known to one of skill in the art. For example, the following tools can be used: http://www.expasy.org/tools/pi_tool.html; Vector NTI (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The results are shown in FIGS. 16-18.

Example 9.2.5 Purified IgG1 Stress Testing with Exposure to Acid

As a virus inactivation step is standard during the downstream processing (DSP) of Chemistry, Manufacturing and Control (CMC), the ability of the 95 germline protein pairs to withstand acid was tested by lowering the pH and recording aggregation sensitive data for each of the IgG1s. Each of the germline protein pairs was delivered in a 96-deep-well plate format in a concentration of 2 mg/mL. 150 μL of each was transferred into a 96-well plate. Initial characterization was performed by absorption, dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning fluorometry (DSF) measurements and particle staining. The samples were acidified using 1.8 μL 1M Citrate pH 2.3. Samples were neutralized after 2, 5 hours using 1 M Tris pH9.0.

Example 9.2.5 (a) Purified IgG1 Differential Scanning Fluorometry

In order to evaluate the thermal stability before and after exposure to acid of IgG1s representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs selected for further testing, differential scanning fluorometry (DSF) was performed as described in Example 9.1.2. The values shown for each IgG represent the unfolding events that take place within the variable regions of the IgG. The values representing unfolding of the Fc portion are not shown, as they are generally identical for each IgG. If the Tm (apparent melting point) values before and after exposure to acid are equal then the molecular structure of the antibody was either unaffected by the acid or was able to refold efficiently after exposure. The results are shown in FIGS. 19, 21, and 23.

Example 9.2.5 (b) Purified IgG1 UV/Vis Absorption

In order to identify aggregating samples turbidity was recorded at 320 nm. Turbidity of IgG solutions was assessed before and after acid exposure representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs selected for further testing. The results are shown in FIGS. 19, 21, and 23. Baseline absorption was 0.035 extinction units expected for clear solutions. Increase in absorption is caused by light scattering which results in increasing absorption. Values above 0.039 are likely to contain aggregates. Values above 0.045 indicate clear presence of aggregates. Values above 0.06 represent critical aggregation levels which were found for molecules with strongly unfavourable stability.

Example 9.2.5 (c) Purified IgG1 Dynamic Light Scattering

In addition, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was performed on each IgG1 representing the 95 germline protein pairs selected. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a spectroscopic method to assess the hydrodynamic radius of particles in solution. All DLS experiments were performed using a DynaPro Titan cuvette system (Wyatt Technology Europe, Dernbach, Germany).

In case of visible particle contamination after stress testing, the IgGs were centrifuged in order to remove large aggregates. FIGS. 20, 22 and 24 show the apparent particle radius and polydispersity corresponding to the monomeric IgG1 found in the preparations before and after acid treatment. The data was evaluated according to the calculated radius of the cumulant analysis. In addition to the hydrodynamic radius, the % polydispersity of the preparations was assessed. An increase in polydispersity (>15%) indicates potential aggregation of the IgG molecules, leading to heterogeneous particle size distribution. High molecular weight (HMW) particles clearly distinguishable from the IgG (radius >3-fold) are not listed in the table. All DLS results are shown in FIGS. 20, 22 and 24.

Example 9.2.5 (d) Purified IgG1 Particle Staining

In order to evaluate the amount and morphology of visible aggregates, particle staining was performed before and after acid exposure on each IgG1 representing the 95 germline protein pairs selected. The following reagentes were used to filter and stain particles in IgG preparations: Ultrafree-CL 0.22 μm sterile filter (Millipore, #UFC40GVOS); Anti-human lambda light chain, AP conjugated (Sigma #A-2904); Developing agent for AP-conjugates, Fast BCIP/NBT, (Sigma #B-5655); Roti®-ImmunoBlock (Roth #T144.1); Alkaline Phosphatase Stop Solution (Sigma #A5852-100ML); TBS: 0.05 M Tris; 0.15 M NaCl; TBS with 0.1% Tween 20; and 5 M NaCl solution.

The protein solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm filter and the remaining antibody aggregates are subsequently stained using the mouse anti human Fab2 alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody and a western blot developing agent. The assay was performed according to the manufacturer's manual. The samples were subsequently categorized by visual inspection in range from 1-4, with category 1 representing very low particle content and category 4 representing high particle load of the preparation. All particle staining results are shown in FIGS. 20, 22 and 24.

Example 9.2.6 Purified IgG1 Stress Testing with Agitation

The ability of antibodies or antibody fragments to resist sheer forces is a helpful criteria as filtration steps cannot be avoided during processing. Therefore, the 95 germline protein pairs were tested in IgG1 format using a glass pearl that was accelerated in a 96 well plate on an orbital shaker at 550 rpm in a deep well plate. 350 μl of each IgG was subjected to this treatment. 150 μL of each was transferred into a 96-well plate. Initial characterization was performed by absorption, dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning fluorometry (DSF) measurements and particle staining.

Example 9.2.6 (a) Purified IgG1 UV/Vis Absorption

In order to identify aggregating samples turbidity was recorded at 320 nm. Turbidity of IgG solutions representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs selected for further testing was assessed before and after stress exposure. The results are shown in FIGS. 49, 51 and 53. Baseline absorption was 0.035 extinction units expected for clear solutions. Increase in absorption is caused by light scattering which results in increasing absorption. Values above 0.039 are likely to contain aggregates. Values above 0.045 indicate clear presence of aggregates. Values above 0.06 were found for critical aggregation levels which were found for molecules with strongly unfavourable stability.

Example 9.2.6 (b) Purified IgG1 Differential Scanning Fluorometry

In order to evaluate the thermal stability before and after exposure to acid of IgG1s representing each of the 95 germline protein pairs selected for further testing, differential scanning fluorometry (DSF) was performed as described in Example 9.1.2. The values shown for each IgG represent the unfolding events that take place within the variable regions of the IgG. The values representing unfolding of the Fc portion are not shown, as they are generally identical for each human IgG1. The results are shown in FIGS. 50, 52 and 54.

Example 9.2.6 (c) Purified IgG1 Dynamic Light Scattering

In addition, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was performed on each IgG1 representing the 95 germline protein pairs selected. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a spectroscopic method to assess the hydrodynamic radius of particles in solution. All DLS experiments were performed using a DynaPro Titan cuvette system (Wyatt Technology Europe, Dernbach, Germany).

In case of visible particle contamination after stress testing, the IgGs were centrifuged in order to remove large aggregates. FIGS. 50, 52 and 54 show the apparent particle radius and polydispersity corresponding to the monomeric IgG1 found in the preparations after stress treatment. The data was evaluated according to the calculated radius of the cumulant analysis. In addition to the hydrodynamic radius, the % polydispersity of the preparations was assessed. An increase in polydispersity (>15%) indicates potential aggregation of the IgG molecules, leading to heterogeneous particle size distribution. High molecular weight (HMW) particles clearly distinguishable from the IgG (radius >3-fold) are not listed in the table. All DLS results are shown in FIGS. 50, 52 and 54.

Example 9.2.6 (d) Purified IgG1 Particle Staining

In order to evaluate the amount and morphology of visible aggregates, particle staining was performed before and after stress exposure on each IgG1 representing the 95 germline protein pairs selected. The following reagents were used to filter and stain particles in IgG preparations: Ultrafree-CL 0.22 μm sterile filter (Millipore, #UFC40GVOS); Anti-human lambda light chain, AP conjugated (Sigma #A-2904); Developing agent for AP-conjugates, Fast BCIP/NBT, (Sigma #B-5655); Roti®-ImmunoBlock (Roth #T144.1); Alkaline Phosphatase Stop Solution (Sigma #A5852-100ML); TBS: 0.05 M Tris; 0.15 M NaCl; TBS with 0.1% Tween 20; and 5 M NaCl solution.

The protein solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm filter and the remaining antibody aggregates are subsequently stained using the mouse anti human Fab2 alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody and a western blot developing agent. The assay was performed according to the manufacturer's manual. The samples were subsequently categorized by visual inspection in range from 1-4, with category 1 representing very low particle content and category 4 representing high particle load of the preparation. All particle staining results are shown in FIGS. 50, 52 and 54.

Example 9.2.7 IgG Stress Testing Cumulative Score

In order to help evaluate the stress testing results of both exposure to acid and agitation with glass beads, a scoring system was created so that the germline protein pairs could be compared. Each data point taken in Examples 9.2.5(a-d), results shown in FIGS. 19-24 and Examples 9.2.6(a-d), results shown in FIGS. 49-54 was given a score ranging from 0-100 (0, 25, 75 or 100) and the scores were added together to generate a cumulative score. The thermal stability values identified in Examples 9.2.5(a) and 9.2.6 (b) were not given scores.

FIGS. 55 and 56 show the stress testing scores for the germline protein pairs 1-32 from Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6. Each score is a representation of the raw data points shown in FIGS. 19, 20, 49 and 50. FIGS. 19-20 show the response to acid exposure and FIGS. 49-50 show the response to agitation with glass beads. FIG. 56 shows the cumulative score, which is the addition of each of the scores shown in FIGS. 55 and 56.

FIGS. 57 and 58 show the stress testing scores for the germline protein pairs 33-64 from Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6. Each score is a representation of the raw data points shown in FIGS. 21, 22, 51 and 52. FIGS. 21-22 show the response to acid exposure and FIGS. 51-52 show the response to agitation with glass beads. FIG. 58 shows the cumulative score, which is the addition of each of the scores shown in FIGS. 57 and 58.

FIGS. 59 and 60 show the stress testing scores for the germline protein pairs 65-95 from Examples 9.2.5-9.2.6. Each score is a representation of the raw data points shown in FIGS. 23, 24, 53 and 54. FIGS. 23-24 show the response to acid exposure and FIGS. 53-54 show the response to agitation with glass beads. FIG. 60 shows the cumulative score, which is the addition of each of the scores shown in FIGS. 59 and 60.

Example 10 Selection of Collection Composition

In summary, 400 germline protein pairs were selected, as described in Example 4. These 400 are a representation of the diversity of germline protein pairs that exist in the human immune repertoire. The 400 germline protein pairs were tested as described in Examples 6-7. Of the 400, 95 were further tested as described in Example 9.

The 95 germline protein pairs were compared taking the following factors into consideration: a) Fab display rate; b) Fab expression yield, c) Fab thermal stability; d) Fab serum stability; e) Fab SEC monomeric content (% monomer); f) IgG1 expression yield; g) IgG1 thermal stability; h) IgG1 serum stability; i) IgG1 SEC monomeric content (% monomer); and j) IgG1 isoelectric point (pI). The data for each of these factors are shown in FIGS. 16-18. These factors correlate well to the developability of therapeutic antibodies.

Fab display rate is an important factor in the selection of antibodies or fragments against an antigen. Fabs displaying at a high rate have a higher likelihood to be exposed to the antigen upon selection. A high display rate of each of the various Fabs makes sure that the full diversity of the collection is exposed to an antigen upon selection. The Fab display rate was identified in Example 6.2, where the reference was an internal standard (HuCAL GOLD reference phage preparation (VH3 kappa+lambda)). The HuCAL GOLD VH3 prep is a high displaying preparation. Fab display rate is an important factor and was useful in narrowing the 400 pairs down to 95 for further testing, but in some embodiments was not considered a determinative factor in the selection of germline protein pairs for incorporation into collections.

Expression yield of both Fab and IgG1 are important as antibodies or fragments selected against an antigen, first must be tested, often in vitro or in vivo to determine functional activity, then in tox species and finally in humans for clinical trials. It is very important that the antibodies or fragments selected against an antigen can be efficiently expressed in high enough quantity to support all of the various testing required for therapeutic development and for supply of clinical trial and market. The expression yield (mg purified Fab/L of expression culture) of purified Fabs was identified in Example 9.1.1 (results shown in FIGS. 16-18) and, in an embodiment of the disclosure, a threshold of at least 2.5 mg/L was selected. In other embodiments, other thresholds were selected. The expression yield (mg purified IgG1/L of cell culture) of purified IgG1 was identified in Example 9.2.1 (results shown in FIGS. 16-18) and, in an embodiment of the disclosure, a threshold of at least 30.0 mg/L was selected. In other embodiments, other thresholds were selected.

Thermal stability is an important factor as proteins, such as, antibodies, are susceptible to high temperatures, therefore, antibodies capable of withstanding the requirements associated with the storage and transportation required in order to distribute therapeutics worldwide and have a long shelf life are essential. The thermal stability of purified Fab was determined in Example 9.1.2 (results shown in FIGS. 16-18) and, in an embodiment of the disclosure, a threshold of at least 70° C. was selected. In other embodiments, other thresholds were selected. The thermal stability of purified IgG1 was determined in Example 9.2.2 (results shown in FIGS. 16-18), the listed value represents the de-stabilization of the variable domains and, in an embodiment, a threshold of at least 73° C. was selected. In other embodiments, other thresholds were selected.

Serum stability is an important factor for therapeutic antibodies as therapeutic proteins must maintain efficacy and functional conformation despite being exposed to the serum proteases present in human serum. The serum stability of the germline protein pairs were determined by the methods described in Examples 6.5, and 7.2. Serum stability is important, but was not considered a determinative factor in the selection of germline protein pairs as the assay tended to produce false-negative results in few cases.

Monomeric content (% monomer) as determined by size exclusion chromotagraphy (SEC) is an important factor as it correlates well to aggregation propensity. Aggregation is a common problem in therapeutic protein development, which leads to the inactivation, inhomogeneity and production loss of the protein therapeutic. The monomeric content (% monomer) as determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in both purified Fab and purified IgG1 formats was determined by the methods described in Examples 9.1.3 and 9.2.3 (results shown in FIGS. 16-18). The monomeric content (% monomer) of purified Fab was determined in Example 9.1.3 and, in an embodiment, a threshold of at least 98% was selected. In other embodiments, other thresholds were selected. The monomeric content (% monomer) of purified IgG1 was determined in Example 9.2.3 and, in an embodiment, a threshold of at least 99% was selected. In other embodiments, other thresholds were selected.

Isoelectric point (pI) is predictive of solubility at a certain pH. When the pH of the solution is significantly different from the pI of a given protein, the protein is soluble. Isoelectric point is important, but in some embodiments was not considered a determinative factor in the selection of germline protein pairs.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the thresholds for each criteria were selected as follows: a) purified Fab expression yield (as described in Example 9.1.1) of at least 2.5 mg/L; b) purified IgG1 expression yield (as described in Example 9.2.1) of at least 30.0 mg/L; c) thermal stability of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.2) of at least 70° C.; d) thermal stability of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.2) of at least 73° C.; e) monomeric content of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.3) of at least 98%; and f) monomeric content of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.3) of at least 99%. The following germline protein pairs (54) were identified as having these superior functional activities related to developability as each of the following pairs had values equal to or better than these thresholds (data shown in FIGS. 16-24): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252). Therefore, collections comprising any number of these germline protein pairs can be used to identify developable antibodies or fragments thereof against any antigen.

Additionally, a subset of germline protein pairs were selected based upon a comparison of the stress testing data identified using the methods described in Examples 9.2.5 (a-d), data shown in FIGS. 19-24, Example 9.2.6 (a-d), data shown in FIGS. 49-54 and Example 9.2.7, scoring shown in FIGS. 55-60. The stress testing methods evaluated the 95 germline protein pairs in IgG1 format in order to determine their ability to withstand exposure to acid and agitation with glass beads. 36 germline protein pairs, of an embodiment, were selected as they have additional superior functional properties relevant to developability as they showed strong resistance to acid and agitation stress. An antibody's ability to withstand exposure to acid is an increasingly important factor, as a virus inactivation step is standard during the downstream processing (DSP) of Chemistry, Manufacturing and Control (CMC). The acid treatment step denatures virus capsid proteins, which a virus would use for infection. However, lowering the pH has a destabilizing effect on every protein. Unstable antibodies denature and loose native structure during this step. In the virus activation step, after a defined time, the acid treatment is relieved by neutralization and while the virus capsid proteins stay in an inactive conformation, the processed antibody ideally retains its native structure. The ability of antibodies or antibody fragments to resist sheer forces is a helpful criteria as filtration steps cannot be avoided during processing. These 36 germline protein pairs selected in an embodiment, fulfilled all of the previous threshold functional activities and in addition scored at or above 1225 in the stress testing cumulative score. In an embodiment, the thresholds for each criteria were selected as follows: a) purified Fab expression yield (as described in Example 9.1.1) of at least 2.5 mg/L; b) purified IgG1 expression yield (as described in Example 9.2.1) of at least 30.0 mg/L; c) thermal stability of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.2) of at least 70° C.; d) thermal stability of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.2) of at least 73° C.; e) monomeric content of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.3) of at least 98%; f) monomeric content of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.3) of at least 99% and g) stress testing cumulative score (as described in Example 9.2.7) of at least 1225. Therefore, embodiments of the present disclosure comprise collections comprising a subset of the fully functional germline protein pairs (36 of the 54) and have additional superior functional properties relevant to developability. In this embodiment, a collection comprises VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

In another embodiment, the thresholds for each criteria were selected as follows: a) purified Fab expression yield (as described in Example 9.1.1) of at least 2.5 mg/L; b) purified IgG1 expression yield (as described in Example 9.2.1) of at least 30.0 mg/L; c) thermal stability of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.2) of at least 70° C.; d) thermal stability of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.2) of at least 73° C.; e) monomeric content of purified Fab (as described in Example 9.1.3) of at least 99%; f) monomeric content of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.3) of at least 99%; g) isoelectric point of purified IgG1 (as described in Example 9.2.4) of at least 8.3; and h) stress testing cumulative score (as described in Example 9.2.7) of at least 1225. In this embodiment, a collection comprises (33 pairs): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252)

In a further embodiment, pairs were added to a collection even though the pairs themselves did not meet all of the thresholds within each criteria, but were added to the collections in order to enhance diversity. In an embodiment, a collection further comprises: VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); and VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256). In this embodiment, a collection comprises (36 pairs): VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).

Example 11 Beta Testing of Collections

In order to confirm the effectiveness of the collection design, sub-collections, each comprising one germline protein pair or pools of sub-collections were generated and selected against antigens. The antibodies selected were then tested in both Fab and IgG1 formats for developability characteristics, such as, thermal stability in Fab format, pI in IgG1 format, expression yields in both Fab and IgG1 formats, thermal stability in IgG1 format, and % monomer in IgG1 format as determined by SEC. In addition, in some cases the affinity for the antigen in Fab format was determined.

Collection Generation

Sub-collections containing germline protein pairs were synthesized as follows: the FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3 regions from the respective germline protein sequences shown in FIGS. 25-33 were synthesized by GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany). The VHs were cloned via NheI and SalI and VLs via NdeI and Acc65I into the pJPd1 display vector. CDR-H3 cassettes including the constant FR4 region were inserted via BssHII and XhoI with theoretical diversities ranging between 5.5×10⁵ and 1.9×10¹⁹. CDR-H3 cassettes with CDR-H3 lengths from 6-17 amino acids were synthesized by Sloning (Martinsried, Germany). CDR-L3 diversity was achieved by introducing either kappy or lambda TRIM cassettes synthesized by ELLA Biotech (Martinsried, Germany) with theoretical diversity ranging between 4.6×10⁶ and 2.5×10⁹.

Typically 0.25 to 2 μg pJPd1 phagemid DNA of the sub-collections were transformed in E. coli MC1061 F′ electrocompetent cells and transformants were collected in TB medium and shaken for at 37° C. for 1 h. Dilutions of the outgrowth medium were plated on LB/Cam/Gluc. Amplification of the libraries was performed by shaking o/n in appropriate amounts of LB/cam/1% Glu. Library sizes for sub-collections ranged between 4.6×10⁸ and 4.4×10⁹. The total library size of all sub-collections together is about 1.3×10¹¹ members. To analyze the quality of the engineered sub-collections at least 30 clones for each sub-collection were picked and CDR-L3 and -H3 regions were sequenced to determine correctness and uniqueness of the sequences. The libraries were stored as E. coli glycerol cultures.

Phage displaying the sub-collections in Fab format were prepared as follows. For each library phage preparation 80 ml 2×YT/Cam/Glc medium were inoculated with bacteria from the corresponding library glycerol stock resulting in an OD_(600nm) of 0.2-0.3. Cultures were shaken until an OD_(600nm) of 0.45-0.55 was reached. Then helper phage was added at a multiplicity of infection of 10 to the bacterial culture followed by an incubation for 45 min at 37° C. without shaking and then for 45 min at 37° C. shaking at 120 rpm. Bacteria were spun down and helper phage containing supernatant was discarded. Phage-infected bacteria were resuspended in 400 ml 2×YT/CAM/KAN/IPTG medium and incubated overnight at 22° C. with shaking at 120 rpm. The next day bacteria from the overnight culture were pelleted and the supernatant containing the Fab-presenting phage was collected. Phage precipitation was performed by adding PEG/NaCl to the phage-containing supernatant. The sample was incubated for at least 30 min on ice. Precipitated phage were spun down and resuspended in PBS. The sample was rotated slowly to obtain a homogeneous suspension and residual bacterial debris was pelleted and discarded. From the phage-containing supernatant the phage were precipitated again using PEG/NaCl. Finally, the phage pellet was resuspended in PBS, transferred to a sterile tube and shaken slowly to obtain a homogeneous suspension. Phage titers were determined by spot titration, ELISA and UV absorbance (Nanodrop) at OD268 nm.

Phage titers and display levels of Fab fragments expressed by the tricistronic display vector pJPd1 (shown in FIG. 9) and presented on the phage by CysDisplay® (as described in WO01/05950, U.S. Pat. No. 6,753,136, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety) were evaluated for each individual phage preparation by ELISA Two different antibodies are used for capturing:

(1) The anti-M13 antibody (Amersham #27-9420-01) was used, as it captures phage particles via the major coat protein g8p; therefore, phage titer can be determined. (2) An anti-Fd antibody (The Binding Site #PC075) was used, which binds to the displayed Fab; therefore, only phage displaying Fabs are captured. For (1) and (2) separate reference curves are used. A monoclonal anti-M13 (directed against major coat protein of M13 phage, g8p) conjugated to HRP is used as a detection antibody.

The respective capture antibodies were immobilized on 96-well Maxisorp™ plates by dispensing antibody solution for the anti-M13 antibody and for the anti-Fd antibody into different wells, sealing the plate with laminated foil and incubating overnight. The next day, the plates were washed with TBST, and each well was blocked with CTBST.

The starting dilutions of phage supernatants and reference samples (CS) were prepared in CTBST in microtiter plates. The starting dilutions of the phage supernatants for the anti-M13 and anti-Fd antibodies were prepared. The starting dilutions of the reference samples, VH3-23 HuCAL Gold® l+k VCSM13 and HuCAL PLATINUM pooled Hyperphages kappa and lambda were prepared. Serial dilutions of the phage supernatants were prepared by pre-filling microtiter plates with CTBST and adding phage and pre-filling a second microtiter plate with CTBST, and adding phage. For the reference sample, the starting dilution described above was plated and serial dilutions with both the anti-M13 and anti-Fd antibodies were plated.

Both the phage supernatants and reference samples were transferred for detection as follows. The blocked ELISA plates were washed with TBST. The phage supernatants were transferred from the dilution plates to the coated ELISA plates, incubated at room temperature, and washed with TBST. Anti-M13 peroxidase conjugate (Amersham) diluted in CTBST was added, and incubated for 1-2 h at room temperature. The Quanta Blu (Pierce) working solution was prepared by mixing 1 part (e.g. 0.5 ml) peroxide solution with 9 parts (e.g. 4.5 ml) substrate solution. The ELISA plates were washed with TBST, the QuantaBlu working solution was added. The fluorescence was measured after an incubation time of ˜2 min (excitation: 320 nm, emission: 430 nm) and subsequently at intervals of 5 min. The evaluation of the ELISA data was completed as follows: calibration curves were created and the titers of the phage supernatants and control were calculated. For each sample, the titer on anti-Fd was divided by the titer on anti-M13 (anti-pVIII), the resulting ratio was the relative display rate. The results are shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Framework Titer (Spot-Titration) Titer (ELISA) relative display Sub-Library VH VL phageprep I phageprep II phageprep I phageprep II phageprep I phageprep II I8 VH3-23 VK1-39 5.7E+12 2.9E+12 2.9E+13 8.0E+12 6.1 9.3 I19 VH3-23 VL3-1 6.6E+12 2.2E+12 2.8E+13 9.2E+12 6.6 8.8 Phage Display Selection Against Human DKK3, rhErbB4/Her4 Fc Fusion, rhFZD-4 Fc Fusion and eGFP

Parallel panning strategies with individual sub-collections or pools of sub-collections were performed in order to maximize the chance of identifying diverse binding antibodies with the desired biophysical characteristics. human Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) (Gene ID 27122), Recombinant human (rh)ErbB4/Her4 (Gene ID 2066) Fc fusion protein, rhFZD-4 (Gene ID 8322) Fc fusion and eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein; sequence provided above) were chosen as model antigens for collection validation. Collection screening was performed in a M-450 epoxy bead-based solution panning with the respective antigens covalently coupled to magnetic Dynabeads(R) (DynaI/Invitrogen Prod. no. 140.11), described below.

Bead-Based Solution Panning Against DKK3

DKK3 and control BSA coated carboxyl-beads (DynaI) were blocked with MPBST at room-temperature (RT) before incubation with pre-adsorbed phages. After several washing steps, bound phage were eluted and amplified by infecting TG1F+ cells for the next round of selection. After 3 rounds of selection, pJPd1 (shown in FIG. 9) phagemid DNA was isolated and Fab encoding fragments (modified ompA-VL and modified phoA-Fd) were excised by restriction digestion with XbaI and EcoRI and ligated into the expression vector pJPx1 (shown in FIG. 10) and transformed into E. coli TG1F−. The infected cultures were then plated on large LB/Cam/Gluc plates and allowed to grow over night. Single clones were isolated and tested for Fab expression yield and antigen binding by ELISA. Fab expression was detected by incubating Fab containing cell extracts on a sheep anti-human Fd (The Binding Site Cat. PC075) coated ELISA plate followed by detection with goat anti-human IgG F(ab′)2 fragment specific antibody conjugated with Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) (Jackson Cat. 109-055-097). Antigen specificity was tested by screening Fab containing cell extracts on DKK3 coupled-Carboxylbeads and BSA coupled-Carboxylbeads (DynaI) with a fluorometric microvolume assay technology (FMATe) for bead based assays (Applied Biosystems 8200 Cellular Detection System/PE Biosystems). Primary Hits were defined as Fabs that result in an FMAT mean fluorescence signal of at least 5-fold above the background which was set to a value of 200. Specificity to DKK3 was confirmed in a secondary ELISA with DKK3 as cognate antigen and CD38_Fc as negative control antigen. Heavy and light chain CDR3 region of 63, 43 and 44 clones for the VH3-23/VK1-39, VH3-23/VL3-1 and HuCAL Platinum® VH3-23/kappa sub-libraries were picked for sequencing in order to estimate the sequence diversity of DKK3 binding antibodies. The sequences of the CDR-H3s and CDR-L3s of selected binders are shown in FIG. 86. In total, 31 out of 56 successful sequences (55%), 20 out of 35 sequences (47%) and 17 out of 44 sequences (39%) for the VH3-23/VK1-39, VH3-23/VL3-1 and HuCAL-Pt VH3-23/kappa sublibraries, respectively were different, showing that the constructed libraries contained a diverse repertoire of DKK3 binders. Results are shown in Table 14.

TABLE 14 Dkk-3 Hit-rate picked (unique/ library screened Hits [%] for Seq. sequences I8 732 525 72 63 31/56 I19 715 536 75 43 20/35 HuCAL-Pt 736 667 91 44 17/44 VH3-23/k I8 represents VH3-23/VK1-39, and I19 represents VH3-23/VL3-1. Bead-Based Solution Panning Against rhErbB4/Her4 Fc Fusion, rhFZD-4 Fc Fusion and eGFP

rhErbB4/Her4_Fc fusion, rhFZD-4 Fc fusion or eGFP and control BSA epoxy M450-beads (DynaI) were blocked with Chemiblocker for 2 h at room-temperature (RT) before incubation with pre-adsorbed phages for 2 h at RT. After several washing steps, bound phage were eluted and amplified by infecting TG1F+ cells for the next round of selection. After 3 rounds of selection, pJPd1 (shown in FIG. 9) phagemid DNA was isolated and Fab encoding fragments (modified ompA-VL and modified phoA-Fd) were amplified by PCR, purified, and digested with XbaI and EcoRI and ligated into the expression vector pJPx1 (shown in FIG. 10) and transformed into E. coli TG1F−. The infected cultures were then plated on large LB/Cam/Gluc plates and allowed to grow overnight. Single clones were isolated and tested for Fab expression yield and antigen binding by ELISA. Fab expression was detected by incubating Fab containing cell extracts on a sheep anti-human Fd (The Binding Site Cat. PC075) coated ELISA plate followed by detection with goat anti-human IgG F(ab′)2 fragment specific antibody conjugated with Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) (Jackson Cat. 109-055-097). Antigen specificity was tested by ELISA screening with Fab containing cell extracts on rhErbB4/Her4_Fc antigen, rhFZD-4_Fc antigen or eGFP directly coated on MaxiSorp plates. Primary Hits were defined as Fabs that result in an ELISA signal of at least 5-fold above the background. The results are shown in FIGS. 61A-D.

Fc-Capture Panning Against ErbB4/Her4 Fc

Three rounds of solid phase Fc-capture panning were performed using human ErbB4/Her4 recombinant Fc-tagged protein immobilized by capturing with goat anti human-IgG Fc specific (Jackson; Cat. 109-005-098) or mouse anti human-IgG Fc specific (Jackson; Cat. 209-005-098) on Maxisorp plates (Nunc). Prior to each selection round, phages were blocked with 0.1 mg/ml human, goat and mouse immunoglobulin in MPBST/BSA. After several washing steps, bound phage were eluted and amplified by infecting TG1F+ cells for the next round of selection. After the third selection round, pJPd1 (shown in FIG. 9) phagemid DNA was isolated and Fab encoding fragments (modified ompA-VL and modified phoA-Fd) were exised by restriction digestion with XbaI and EcoRI and ligated into the expression vector pJPx1(shown in FIG. 10) and transformed into TG1F−. The infected cultures were then plated on large LB/Cam/Gluc plates and allowed to grow overnight. Single clones were isolated and tested for Fab expression yield and antigen binding by ELISA. Fab expression was detected by incubating Fab containing cell extracts on a sheep anti-human Fd (The Binding Site Cat. PC075) coated ELISA plate followed by detection with goat anti-human IgG F(ab′)2 fragment specific antibody conjugated with Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) (Jackson Cat. 109 055 097). Antigen specificity was tested by ELISA screening with Fab containing cell extracts on ErbB4/Her4_Fc antigen captured via goat anti-human IgG antibody (Jackson; Cat. 109-005-098) coated on MaxiSorp plates. Primary Hits were defined as Fabs that result in an ELISA signal of at least 5-fold above the background. Specificity to ErbB4/Her4_Fc was confirmed in a secondary Fc-capture ELISA with ErbB4/Her4_Fc as cognate antigen and CD38_Fc as negative control antigen.

Heavy and light chain CDR3 regions of 112, 61 and 95 clones for the VH3-23/VK1-39, VH3-23/VL3-1 and HuCAL-Pt VH3-23/kappa sub-libraries, respectively, were sequenced in order to estimate the sequence diversity of ErbB4/Her4_Fc binding antibodies. In total, 31 out of 106 successful sequences (29%), 30 out of 61 sequences (49%) and 14 out of 91 sequences (15%) for the VH3-23/VK1-39, VH3-23/VL3-1 and HuCAL-Pt VH3-23/kappa sub-libraries were different, showing that the constructed libraries contained a diverse repertoire of binders. The sequence diversity is shown in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Her4_Fc Hits picked for CP** library screened 10x Bg 5x Bg 2x Bg Hits* Hit-rate [%] 10x Bg 5x Bg 2x Bg total unique*** I8 794 112 150 92 262 33 86 19 7 112  31/106 I19 1145 39 7 15 46 4 39 7 15 61 30/61 HuCAL-Pt 1364 922 105 118 1027 75 95 0 0 95 14/91 VH3-23/k *Hits are defined as being reactive at least 5x above background (Bg) **For compression plates (CP) a few clones were picked that were reactive only 2x above background (Bg) ***unique sequences per analyzable sequences I8 represents VH3-23/VK1-39, and I19 represents VH3-23/VL3-1.

Biacore K_(D) (Affinity) Determination Via Antigen Capture Setup in Fab Format

Binding of monomeric Fab fractions (analyzed by analytical SEC; Superdex75, Amersham Pharmacia) to captured antigen was analyzed as follows: On a CM5 chip (Biacore/GE Healthcare) an appropriate anti-antigen tag capture antibody was covalently immobilized using EDC/NHS chemistry. Kinetic measurements were done by capturing the antigen and subsequent injection of six different Fab concentrations (2′ serial dilution). After each cycle the sensor chip was regenerated. A blank injection of running buffer was used for double referencing. All sensorgrams were fitted using BIA evaluation software 3.2 (Biacore/GE Healthcare), to determine k_(on) and k_(off) rate constants, which were used to calculate K_(D).

The Biacore K_(D) determinations were performed as follows: Running buffer was PBST (phosphate buffered saline pH 7.2 GIBCO+0.05% Tween-20). Approx. 400 RU antigen with Fc fusion tag (lot#FYY0310041) were captured using an anti-human Fc antibody (Biacore/GE Healthcare). Fab concentrations ranging from 15.6 to 500 nM were used with a flow rate of 20 μl/min, an injection time of 30 s and a dissociation time of 100 s. Regeneration of the surface was done with 2 injections a 15 μl 3 M MgCl₂ reagent. The results are shown in FIG. 38.

Developability Testing of Antibodies and Antibody Fragments Identified Against DKK3, rhErbB4/Her4 Fc Fusion, rhFZD-4 Fc Fusion and eGFP

The antibodies or fragments specific for the antigens were tested in both Fab and IgG1 formats for developability characteristics, such as, thermal stability in Fab format, affinity in Fab format, pI in IgG1 format, expression yield in both Fab and IgG formats, thermal stability in IgG1 format, and % monomer in IgG1 format as determined by SEC. The serum stability in IgG1 format was tested as described in Example 7.2. The thermal stability testing in Fab and IgG1 formats was completed as described in Examples 9.1.2 and 9.2.2. The pI in IgG1 format was completed as described in Example 9.2.4. The expression yield in IgG1 format was completed as described in Example 9.2.1. The % monomer in IgG1 format as determined by SEC was completed as described in Example 9.2.3. The results are shown in FIGS. 37-39, 45-48 and 62.

Again, the inventors believe that there is a high correlation between the input (antibody collection used for selection against an antigen) and output (antibodies identified as specific for the antigen) regarding the tested functional properties. Therefore, the collections of the invention comprise antibodies or fragments that comprise, in part, the same amino acid sequences as the constructs tested, for example, the framework regions and/or complementarity determining regions. The CDR3s are diversified. Since, in an aspect, the collections comprise the amino acid sequences, or the nucleic acids encoding them, of the tested constructs it is believed that the collections comprise antibodies or fragments having the same superior functional properties related to developability as the constructs tested in Example 9. Therefore, it is expected that many of the antibodies or fragments subsequently selected against an antigen will also have the same superior functional properties relevant to developability.

The data shown in FIGS. 37-39, 45-48 and 62A-C support this conclusion. FIG. 39 shows the Fabs selected against DKK3 or ErbB4/Her4_Fc antigen from collections of the invention and how the Fabs have a similar thermal stability as the control, which was the construct originally tested as described in Example 9. In addition, FIGS. 45-48 show the IgGs specific for DKK3 or ErbB4/Her4_Fc antigen that were selected from the collections of the invention and how the IgGs have similar isoelectric points (pI), thermal stability, expression yield and monomeric content as the controls, which were the constructs originally tested as described in Example 9. FIGS. 62A-C shows IgGs selected against rhErbB4/Her4_Fc fusion, rhFZD-4 Fc fusion and eGFP and how the IgGs have similar isoelectric points (pI), expression yield, thermal stability, and monomeric content as the controls, which were the constructs originally tested as described in Example 9.

Overall, this shows that the collections of the invention contain antibodies or fragments having superior properties relevant to developability and supports the inventors' hypothesis that the input, collections using sequences, for example, framework regions and/or complementarity determining regions from the germline protein pairs tested and shown to have superior functional properties, correlates well to the output, antibodies or fragments selected against any antigen having the same superior functional properties related to development.

It is to be understood that the description, specific examples and data, while indicating exemplary embodiments, are given by way of illustration and are not intended to limit the present invention. Various changes and modifications within the present invention will become apparent to the skilled artisan from the discussion, disclosure and data contained herein, and thus are considered part of the invention. 

1-65. (canceled)
 66. A collection of synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from twenty or more of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).
 67. A collection of nucleic acids encoding synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from twenty or more of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 257); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-16 (SEQ ID NO: 234); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL2-14 (SEQ ID NO: 254); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 212)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).
 68. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 67, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pair comprises the following properties: i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L; ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format; iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98% as determined by SEC; iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L; v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99% as determined by SEC.
 69. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 67, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from twenty five or more of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs.
 70. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 69, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from thirty or more of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs.
 71. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 70, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from thirty three or more of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs.
 72. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 71, wherein the antibodies or fragments thereof comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise the germline protein sequences of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).
 73. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 72, wherein the antibodies or fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pair comprises the following properties: i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L; ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format; iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 99% as determined by SEC; iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L; v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; vi) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99% as determined by SEC, and vii) an isoelectric point in IgG1 format of at least 8.3.
 74. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 72, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences further selected from the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); and VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256).
 75. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 71, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences selected from thirty six or more of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs.
 76. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 75, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs VH1-18 (SEQ ID NO: 204)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH1-46 (SEQ ID NO: 205)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH1-69*01 (SEQ ID NO: 206)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-07 (SEQ ID NO: 207)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-47 (SEQ ID NO: 251); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 208)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK1-27 (SEQ ID NO: 235); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VK3-11 (SEQ ID NO: 237); VH3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 209)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH3-21 (SEQ ID NO: 210)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL2-23 (SEQ ID NO: 255); VH3-23 (SEQ ID NO: 211)/VL3-1 (SEQ ID NO: 256); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VK3-15 (SEQ ID NO: 238); VH3-53 (SEQ ID NO: 213)/VL2-11 (SEQ ID NO: 253); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-05 (SEQ ID NO: 230); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-06 (SEQ ID NO: 231); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK1-12 (SEQ ID NO: 233); VH3-74 (SEQ ID NO: 214)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VK1-39 (SEQ ID NO: 236); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-40 (SEQ ID NO: 250); VH5-51 (SEQ ID NO: 215)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK1-09 (SEQ ID NO: 232); VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VK3-20 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and VH6-1 (SEQ ID NO: 216)/VL1-51 (SEQ ID NO: 252).
 77. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 76, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain framework regions comprising germline protein sequences of a germline protein pair, wherein said germline protein pair comprises the following properties: i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L; ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format; iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98% as determined by SEC; iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L; v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99% as determined by SEC.
 78. A collection of nucleic acids according to claim 77, wherein i) the expression yield in Fab format is determined by UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.538 mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm; ii) the thermal stability in Fab format is determined by differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer; iii) the monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format is determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex75 HR10/30 column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4; iv) the expression yield in IgG1 format is determined by UV-spectrophotometry using an extinction coefficient of 1.369 mL/mg and measuring absorbance at 280 nm; v) the thermal stability in IgG1 format is determined by differential scanning fluorometry using PBS buffer; and vi) the monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format is determined by size exclusion chromatography using a Tosoh TSK-Gel G3000SWxl column and Gibco D-PBS buffer at pH 7.4.
 79. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 76, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise one or more complementarity determining regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs.
 80. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 79, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise CDR1 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 204-216, 230-239 and 250-257.
 81. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 80, wherein said antibodies or fragments thereof comprise HCDR1 regions from the respective HCDR1 regions depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 204-216.
 82. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 80, wherein said antibodies or fragments thereof comprise LCDR1 regions from the respective LCDR1 regions depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 230-239 and 250-257.
 83. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 79, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise CDR2 regions comprising germline protein sequences from the respective variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 204-216, 230-239 and 250-257.
 84. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 83, wherein said antibodies or fragments thereof comprise HCDR2 regions from the respective HCDR2 regions depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 204-216.
 85. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 83, wherein said antibodies or fragments thereof comprise LCDR2 regions from the respective LCDR2 regions depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 230-239 and 250-257.
 86. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 76, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise one or more complementarity determining regions comprising amino acid modifications that remove potential post translational modification sites.
 87. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 86, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise one or more heavy chain complementarity determining regions comprising the complementarity determining region sequences from the respective variable heavy chains depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 266-278.
 88. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 87, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise HCDR1 regions from the respective HCDR1 region depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 266-278.
 89. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 87, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise HCDR2 regions from the respective HCDR2 region depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 266-278.
 90. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 76, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise a FR4 region selected from the group consisting of JH4 (SEQ ID NO:293), Jκ1 (SEQ ID NO:297), and Jλ2/3 (SEQ ID NO:301).
 91. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 76, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise a diversified HCDR3 region.
 92. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 76, wherein said antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise a diversified LCDR3 region.
 93. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 76, wherein the collection comprises at least 1×10⁴ antibodies or functional fragments thereof.
 94. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 76, wherein said antibodies are selected from the groups consisting of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM and IgD.
 95. The collection of nucleic acids according to claim 76, wherein said functional fragments of said antibodies are selected from the group consisting of Fab, F(ab′)2, Fab′, Fv, and scFv.
 96. A vector comprising the collection of nucleic acids according to claim
 76. 97. A recombinant host cell comprising the vector of claim
 96. 98. A method of producing a collection of synthetic antibodies or functional fragments thereof, comprising a) identifying the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline gene pairs present in the human immune repertoire; b) testing the variable heavy chain and variable light chain germline protein pairs identified in step a) for the following properties: i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L; ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format; iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98% as determined by SEC; iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L; v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99% as determined by SEC; and c) generating a collection, wherein the antibodies or functional fragments thereof comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of the germline protein pairs fulfilling the properties of step b).
 99. A method of identifying an antibody or antibody fragment specific for an antigen, comprising: (a) contacting the antigen with a collection of antibodies or functional fragments thereof, wherein at least 90% of the antibodies or functional fragments of the collection comprise variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs, wherein the framework regions of the variable heavy chain and variable light chain pairs comprise germline protein sequences of germline protein pairs comprising the following properties: i) an expression yield in Fab format of at least 2.5 mg/L; ii) thermal stability at 70° C. or above in Fab format; iii) monomeric content (% monomer) in Fab format of at least 98% as determined by SEC; iv) an expression yield in IgG1 format of at least 30 mg/L; v) thermal stability at 73° C. or above in IgG1 format; and vii) monomeric content (% monomer) in IgG1 format of at least 99% as determined by SEC, and (b) selecting one or more antibodies or antibody fragments that bind to said antigen. 